Page 9 - Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems

Contents ix

8.2 Coordinated operation of local generation and flexible
resources 204
8.3 Flexible resources applied to distribution network
assistance 205
8.4 Islanded microgrids operation 207
8.4.1 Primary control 208
8.4.2 Secondary control 208
8.5 Smart coordinated methodology 209
8.6 Results 211
8.7 Conclusion 219
Acknowledgments 220
References 220

9. Distributed generation in deregulated energy
markets and probabilistic hosting capacity
decision-making challenges 223
Sherif M. Ismael, Shady H.E. Abdel Aleem,
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz and Ahmed F. Zobaa
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Decision-making techniques and its applications in
hosting capacity studies 228
9.3 Hosting capacity assessment under uncertainty of
renewable energy resources 228
9.4 Overview of related applications 231
9.5 Problem formulation 234
9.5.1 Objective function 234
9.5.2 Constraints 234
9.5.3 Load model 235
9.5.4 Distributed generation unit models 236
9.5.5 Deterministic hosting capacity approach 237
9.5.6 Probabilistic hosting capacity approach 237
9.6 Case study 238
9.6.1 Deterministic hosting capacity results 239
9.6.2 Probabilistic hosting capacity results 243
9.7 Conclusion 243
References 244
Further reading 246

10. Particle swarm optimization applied to reactive
power dispatch considering renewable generation 247
Ma´ ıra R. Monteiro, Yuri R. Rodrigues,
Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza and Paulo Fernando Ribeiro
10.1 Introduction 247
10.2 Voltage collapse indexes 249
10.2.1 Tangent vector 249