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Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) 285

■ Ideal final result. The ideal final result is the virtual limit of the
system in TRIZ. It may never be achieved but provides us with an
“ultimate dream” and will help us to think “out of the box.”

Problem classification and tool selection. TRIZ has a wide array of tools
for inventive problem solving; however, we must select the right tool
for the right problem. In TRIZ, we must first classify the problem type
and then select the tools accordingly.

Solution generation. In this step, we apply TRIZ tools to generate solu-
tions for the problem. Because TRIZ has a rich array of tools, it is pos-
sible to generate many solutions.

Evaluation. In any engineering project, we need to evaluate the sound-
ness of the new solution. TRIZ has its own evaluation approach.
However, other non-TRIZ methods might also be used at this stage,
such as axiomatic design and design vulnerability analysis.
In subsequent sections, we first discuss the philosophical aspects of
TRIZ in order to lay a foundation for understanding. Then we discuss
the four-step TRIZ problem definition and solving process, together
with the tools used in TRIZ.

9.2 TRIZ Foundations

Ideality, functionality, contradictions, use of resources, and evolution
are the pillars of TRIZ. These elements make TRIZ distinctively dif-
ferent from other innovation and problem-solving strategies. In this
section, we describe all five elements.

9.2.1 Function modeling and
functional analysis
Function modeling and functional analysis originated in value engi-
neering (Miles 1961). A function is defined as the natural or charac-
teristic action performed by a product or service. Usually, a product or
service provides many functions. For example, an automobile provides
customers with the ability to get from point A to point B, with com-
fortable riding environment, air conditioning, music, and so on.
Among all the functions, the most important function is the main
basic function, defined as the primary purpose or the most important
action performed by a product or service. The main basic function must
always exist, although methods or designs to achieve it may vary. For
example, for an automobile, “the ability to get from point A to point B”
is a main basic function.