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plasmon excitation. Atoms with open electron x-ray spectroscopy Consists of three steps:
shells, i.e., transition metals, lanthanides, and
(i.) excitation to produce emission lines
actinides, show a splitting of certain x-ray lines
characteristic of the elements in the material,
due to the electron interaction involving this
open shell. Structures originating in all these (ii.) measurement of their intensity, and
ways as well as structures in the valence band of (iii.) conversion of x-ray intensity to concen-
molecules and solid chemical compounds have tration by a calibration procedure which may
in the past been given satellite designations. include correction for matrix effects.

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC