Page 11 - Dust Explosions in the Process Industries

viii Dust Explosions in the Process industries

1.4.7 Automatic suppression of dust explosions 101
1.4.8 Control and interlocking systems to prevent and mitigate
dust explosions in integrated process plants 109
1.4.9 Prevention and removal of dust accumulationsoutside
process equipment: good housekeeping 112
1.4.10 Dust control by the addition of liquid 113
1.4.11 Construction and layout of buildings 116
1.4.12 The “human factors” 118
1.5 Selecting appropriate means for preventing and mitigating
dust explosions 121
1.5.1 Basic philosophy, cost estimation, and risk analysis 121
1.5.2 Selection scheme suggestedby Noha for the chemical
process industry 127
1.5.3 Special aspects for some specific groups of powders
and dusts: a brief literature survey 133
1.5.4 Standards, recommendations, and guidelines 141

2 Case Histories 157
2.1 Introduction 157
2.2 The explosion in a flour warehouse in Turin on December 14, 1785 157
2.3 Grain dust explosions in Norway 160
2.3.1 Wheat grain dust, Stavanger Port Silo, June 1970 160
2.3.2 Wheat grain dust, new part of Stavanger Port Silo,
October 1988 162
2.3.3 Grain dust (barley/oats),head house of the silo plant
at Kambo, June 1976 163
2.3.4 Malted barley dust, Oslo Port Silo, July 1976 165
2.3.5 Malted barley dust, Oslo Port Silo, June 1987 165
2.4 Four grain dust explosions in United States, 1980-1981
(Source: Kauffman and Hubbard, 1984) 166
2.4.1 Inland grain terminal at St. Joseph, Missouri, April 1980 166
2.4.2 River grain terminal at St. Paul, Minnesota, June 10, 1980 168
2.4.3 Train-loading country grain terminal at Fonda, Iowa,
July 15, 1980 169
2.4.4 Large export grain silo plant at Corpus Christi, Texas,
April 1981 171
2.5 A dust explosion in a fish meal factory in Norway in 1975 173
2.6 Smoldering gas explosion in a silo plant in Stavanger,Norway,
in November 1985 177
2.7 Smoldering gas explosions in a large storage facility for grain
and feedstuffs in Tomylovo, Knibyshev Region, USSR 178
2.8 Smoldering gas explosion and subsequent successful extinction
of smoldering combustion in pelletized wheat bran in a silo cell
at Nord Mills, Malmo, Sweden, in 1989 181
2.9 Linen flax dust explosion in Harbin Linen Textile Plant, Peoples
Republic of China, in March 1987 182