Page 13 - Dust Explosions in the Process Industries

x Dust Explosions in the Process Industries

3.7 Dispersion of agglomerates of cohesive particles suspended
in a gas by flow through a narrow nozzle 232
3.8 Diffusion of dust particles in a turbulent gas flow 234
3.9 Methods for generating experimental dust clouds for dust
explosion research 239
3.9.1 Background 239
3.9.2 Transient dust clouds generated by a short air blast 240
3.9.3 Stationary dust cloud in a closed circulation system 244
3.9.4 Stationary dust cloud in an open-circuit system 244
3.9.5 Conclusion 246

4 Propagation of Flames in Dust Clouds 251
4.1 Ignition and combustion of single particles 251
4.1.1 Aluminum 251
4.1.2 Magnesium 253
4.1.3 Zirconium 255
4.1.4 Carbon and coal 256
4.1.5 Wood 264
4.2 Laminar dust flames 265
4.2.1 Laminar flame propagation in premixed, quiescent gases 265
4.2.2 Differences between flames in premixed gas and in
dust clouds 268
4.2.3 Experimental burning velocities, flame thicknesses, quenching
distances, and temperatures of laminar dust flames 270
4.2.4 Theories of one-dimensionallaminar flame propagation
in dust clouds 283
4.2.5 Theories of laminar flame propagation in closed vessels 294
4.2.6 Minimum and maximum explosible dust concentrations 303
4.3 Nonlaminar dust flame propagation phenomena in vertical ducts 318
4.4 Turbulent flame propagation 325
4.4.1 Turbulence and turbulence models 325
4.4.2 Turbulent dust flames: an introductory overview 330
4.4.3 Experimental studies of turbulent dust flames
in closed vessels 332
4.4.4 Turbulent flame propagation in partly or fully
unconfined geometries 341
4.4.5 Systematic comparative studies of turbulent gas
and dust explosions 344
4.4.6 Maximum experimental safe gap for dust clouds 346
4.4.7 Acceleration of turbulent dust explosions in enclosures
of large LID (ducts, pipes, galleries, and the like) 351
4.4.8 Theories of flame propagation in turbulent dust clouds:
computer models 363
4.5 Detonations in dust clouds in air 367
4.5.1 Qualitative description of detonation 367
4.5.2 Experimental evidence of detonations in dust clouds in air 367
4.5.3 Theories of detonation 370