Page 18 - Dust Explosions in the Process Industries

Contents xv

8.6.3 Protection by enclosures 575
8.6.4 Intrinsic safety 576

9 Research and Development, 1990-2002 580

9.I Introduction 580
9.1.1 Background and objective of chapter 580
9.1.2 Books and conference proceedings published after 1990 580
9.2 Status and outstandingproblems in fundamental research
on dust explosions 582
9.2.1 The main topics covered 582
9.2.2 Generation of primary dust clouds and resulting dust
cloud structures 583
9.2.3 Ignition and combustion of single particles and dust deposits:
ignition of dust clouds 587
9.2.4 Flame propagation processes in dust clouds 595
9.2.5 Blast waves generated by burning dust clouds 609
9.3 Status and outstandingproblems in preventing and mitigating
dust explosions in industry 610
9.3.1 The role of fundamental knowledge in assessing hazards
in practice 610
9.3.2 Inherently safe process design 611
9.3.3 Papers covering several methods and specific
applications 611
9.3.4 Generation and properties of explosive dust
clouds in industry 613
9.3.5 Preventing ignition sources 613
9.3.6 Preventing explosive dust clouds 619
9.3.7 Protective and mitigatory measures 622
9.3.8 Risk, safety, and hazards analysis 634
9.3.9 Human and administrativerisk and hazard factors:
risk and safety management 634
9.3.10 Costs of explosion prevention and mitigation 635
9.3.11 New European Union legislation to prevent and mitigate
accidental explosions 635
9.4 Status and outstandingproblems in testing dust ignitability
and explosibility 636
9.4.1 Historical background and introduction 636
9.4.2 Two approaches for achieving differentiation 637
9.4.3 New test methods 638
9.4.4 Determining the limits of flame propagation: a problem
of the scale of the experiment 639
9.4.5 Miscellaneous 640
9.5 Dust explosion statistics and case histories 641
9.6 Expert systems: friends or enemies? 643
9.7 Joint research efforts in Europe 645
9.8 Research and development in the Peoples Republic of China 646
9.9 Conclusions 646