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Glossary 385

behaviors and member and group goals become Interdependent goal: An objective shared by members of
negotiated. a small group in such a way that one member can-
Exit phase: The phase in group socialization in which not achieve the goal without the other members also
the group disbands or a member leaves and the achieving it.
group must adapt. Intracultural communication: Interaction between and
Groupthink: The tendency of some cohesive groups to fail among individuals from the same culture or subculture.
to subject information, reasoning, and proposals to
thorough critical analysis leading to faulty decisions. Intrinsic interest: Extent to which the task itself is attrac-
tive and interesting to the participants.
H K
Haptics: The study of the use of and perceptions of touch.
Kinesics: Study of communication through movements.
Hidden profile: When the information members hold col-
lectively favors the best decision, but some information L
is held in private; only by pooling their information
can the best decision be made. Laissez- faire leader: A do- nothing designated leader who
High- context communication: Communication wherein the provides minimal services to the group.
primary meaning of a message is conveyed by features Leader: A person who uses communication to influence
of the situation or context instead of the verbal, explicit others to meet group goals and needs; any person iden-
part of the message. tified by members of a group as leader; a person desig-
I nated as leader by election or appointment.
Leader as completer: A leader who determines which func-
Ideal Solution Format: A problem- solving format that
takes individual perspectives into account by asking tions or behaviors are most needed for a group to per-
a group to focus on what the ideal solution would do. form optimally, then supplies them or encourages others
to do so.
Idiosyncrasy credit: Additional leeway in adhering to
group norms, given to a member for valuable contri- Leader- Member Exchange (LMX) model: The leadership
butions to the group. model based on the finding that supervisors develop
Individualistic culture: A culture in which the needs and different kinds of leadership relationships with their
wishes of the individual predominate over the needs subordinates, depending on characteristics of both the
of the group. leader and members.
Inference: A statement that includes more than a descrip- Leadership: Influence exerted through communication
tion of some event, thus going beyond fact; an inference that helps a group achieve goals; performance of a
involves some degree of uncertainty or probability and leadership function by any member.
cannot be checked for accuracy by direct observation.
Informal role: Refers to a unique role that evolves through Learning group: A group conducting a learning discussion.
a member’s behaviors and others’ responses to those Least- sized group: The principle that the ideal group con-
behaviors; reflects the traits, personality characteris- tains as few members as possible as long as all neces-
tics, habits, and preferences of the member. sary perspectives and skills are represented.
Inputs: The energy, information, and raw material used by Liaison: Communication between or among groups; inter-
an open system, which is transformed into output by facing; a person who performs the liaison function.
throughput processes. Listening: Receiving and interpreting oral and other sig-
Intercultural communication: Interaction between and
among individuals from different cultures or subcultures. nals from another person or source.
Interdependence: The property of a system such that all Low- context communication: Communication wherein the
parts are interrelated and affect each other as well as primary meaning of a message is carried by the verbal
the whole system. or explicit part of the message.

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