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Human Communication Processes in the Small Group Context          49

                        B. Walther, Tracy Loh, and Laura Granka, “Let Me    51.  J. B. Cortes and F. M. Gatti, “Physique and
                        Count the Ways: The Interchange of Verbal and   Propensity,” in With Words Unspoken, eds.
                        Nonverbal Cues in Computer-Mediated and Face-  L. B. Rosenfeld and J. M. Civikly (New York: Holt,
                        to-Face Affinity,” Journal of Language and Social   Rinehart and Winston, 1976): 50–56.
                        Psychology, 24 (March 2005): 36–65; Joseph    52.  Robert Freeman, The Beatles: A Private View
                        B. Walther and Malcolm R. Parks, “Cues Filtered   (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1990): 46.
                        Out, Cues Filtered In: Computer-Mediated    53.  Ibid., p. 46.
                        Communication and Relationships,” in Handbook of    54.  Edward T. Hall, The Silent Language (Garden City,
                        Interpersonal Communication, 3rd ed., eds. Mark   NY: Doubleday, 1959).
                        Knapp and John A. Daly (Thousand Oaks, CA:    55.  M. L. Patterson, “The Role of Space in Social
                        Sage, 2002): 529–61; and Em Griffin, “Social   Interaction,” in Nonverbal Behavior and
                        Information Processing Theory of Joseph Walther,”   Communication, eds. A. W. Siegman and
                        in A First Look at Communication Theory, 7th ed.   S. Feldstein (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1978): 277.
                        (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009): 138–50.     56.  Don W. Stacks and Judee K. Burgoon, “The
                      42.  C. Arthur VanLear, Megan Sheehan, Leslie   Persuasive Effects of Violating Spatial Distance
                        A. Withers, and Robert A. Walker, “AA Online:   Expectations in Small Groups” Paper presented at
                        The Enactment of Supportive Computer Mediated   the Southern Speech Communication Association
                          Communication,” Western Journal of          Convention, Biloxi, MS, April 1979.
                        Communication, 69 (2005): 5–27.            57.  William B. Gudykunst and Stella Ting-Toomey,
                      43.  Compiled from Larry L. Barker, Kathy J. Wahlers,   Culture and Interpersonal Communication (Newbury
                        Kittie W. Watson, and Robert J. Kibler, Groups   Park, CA: Sage, 1975): 124–28.
                        in Process: An Introduction to Small Group    58.  J. K. Burgoon, D. W. Stacks, and S. A. Burch,
                        Communication, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ:   “The Role of Interpersonal Rewards and
                        Prentice-Hall, 1987): 208; and Robert J. Johansen,   Violations of Distancing Expectations in
                        J. Vallee, and K. Spangler, Electronic Meetings:   Achieving Influence in Small Groups,”
                        Technical Alternatives and Social Choices (Reading,   Communication, 11 (1982): 114–28.
                        MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979): 113–15.         59.  R. F. Bales and A. P. Hare, “Seating Patterns and
                      44.  Eva M. Lira, Pilar Ripoll, José M. Peiró, and   Small Group Interaction,” Sociometry, 26 (1963):
                        Ana M. Zornoza, “The Role of Information and   480–486; G. Hearn, “Leadership and the Spatial
                        Communication Technologies in the Relationship   Factor in Small Groups,” Journal of Abnormal and
                        Between Group Effectiveness and Group Potency:   Social Psychology, 54 (1957): 269–72.
                        A Longitudinal Study,” Small Group Research, 39    60.  B. Steinzor, “The Spatial Factor in Face to Face
                        (December 2008): 728–45.                      Discussion Groups,” Journal of Abnormal and Social
                      45.  San Bolkan and Jennifer Linn Holmgren, “‘You are   Psychology, 45 (1950): 552–55.
                        Such a Great Teacher and I Hate to Bother You but . . .’:    61.  Sheila J. Ramsey, “Nonverbal Behavior: An
                        Instructors’ Perceptions of Students and Their Use of   Intercultural Perspective,” in Handbook of
                        Email Messages with Varying Politeness Strategies,”   Intercultural Communication, eds. Molefi K. Asante,
                        Communication Education, 61 (2012): 253–70.   Eileen Newmark, and Cecil A. Blake (Beverly Hills,
                      46.  Adams and Clark, The Internet.             CA: Sage, 1979): 129–31.
                      47.  Ibid.                                   62.  Judee K. Burgoon, “Spatial Relationships in Small
                      48.  J. Tang and E. Isaacs, “Studies of Multimedia-  Groups,” in Small Group Communication: A Reader,
                        Supported Collaboration,” in Information      6th ed., eds. Robert S. Cathcart and Larry A. Samovar
                        Superhighways: Multimedia Users and Futures, ed.   (Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1992): 289–90.
                        S. Emmott (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1995):    63.  Adams and Clark, The Internet.
                        123–60.                                    64.  James McCroskey, C. Larson, and Mark Knapp, An
                      49.  Sandra Ketrow, “Nonverbal Aspects of Group   Introduction to Interpersonal Communication
                          Communication,” in The Handbook of Group    (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971): 110–14.
                        Communication Theory & Research, ed. Lawrence    65.  Peter A. Andersen, “Nonverbal Communication in
                        R. Frey (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1999): 251–87.  the Small Group,” in Small Group Communication: A
                      50.  Ibid.                                      Reader, 6th ed., eds. Robert S. Cathcart and Larry







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