Page 11 - Electrical Properties of Materials

x Contents

12.7 Semiconductor lasers 307
12.7.1 Fundamentals 307
12.7.2 Wells, wires, and dots 312
12.7.3 Bandgap engineering 316
12.7.4 Quantum cascade lasers 318
12.8 Laser modes and control techniques 319
12.8.1 Transverse modes 319
12.8.2 Axial modes 320
12.8.3 Q switching 321
12.8.4 Cavity dumping 321
12.8.5 Mode locking 321
12.9 Parametric oscillators 322
12.10 Optical fibre amplifiers 323
12.11 Masers 324
12.12 Noise 326
12.13 Applications 326
12.13.1 Nonlinear optics 327
12.13.2 Spectroscopy 327
12.13.3 Photochemistry 327
12.13.4 Study of rapid events 328
12.13.5 Plasma diagnostics 328
12.13.6 Plasma heating 328
12.13.7 Acoustics 328
12.13.8 Genetics 328
12.13.9 Metrology 328
12.13.10 Manipulation of atoms by light 328
12.13.11 Optical radar 329
12.13.12 Optical discs 329
12.13.13 Medical applications 329
12.13.14 Machining 330
12.13.15 Sensors 330
12.13.16 Communications 331
12.13.17 Nuclear applications 331
12.13.18 Holography 332
12.13.19 Raman scattering 334
12.14 The atom laser 335
Exercises 336

13 Optoelectronics

13.1 Introduction 338
13.2 Light detectors 339
13.3 Light emitting diodes (LEDs) 341
13.4 Electro-optic, photorefractive, and nonlinear materials 345
13.5 Volume holography and phase conjugation 346
13.6 Acousto-optic interaction 351
13.7 Integrated optics 353
13.7.1 Waveguides 354
13.7.2 Phase shifter 354
13.7.3 Directional coupler 355
13.7.4 Filters 357
13.8 Spatial light modulators 357
13.9 Nonlinear Fabry–Perot cavities 359
13.10 Optical switching 362