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Internet

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Allen D. Truell
Michael Milbier Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Inventor of the World Wide Web
and Director of the World Wide Web Consortium in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, September 29, 2004. AP IMAGES

INTERNET
each computer in the system where the packet was sup-
An internet is a collection of interconnected computers
posed to go.
that use networking hardware and software to send and
receive data. The Internet is the global network of inter- In 1972 the first electronic mail (e-mail) program was
connected computers and servers available to the public. developed. It used file transfer protocol (FTP) to upload
The World Wide Web is the collection of graphically messages to a server that would then route the message to
intensive Web pages that have enabled the Internet to the intended computer terminal. This text-based commu-
nication tool greatly affected the rate at which collabora-
become a societal phenomenon.
tive work could be conducted between researchers at
participating universities. This collaboration led to the
THE ORIGINAL INTERNET development of the transmission control protocol (TCP),
In the 1950s researchers and scientists across the country which breaks large amounts of data into packets of a fixed
linked their mainframe computers via telephone connec- size, transmits the packets over the Internet using the
tions operating at very slow speeds. This first network Internet protocol (IP), and sequentially numbers them to
supported communication of basic text-based computer allow reassembly at the recipient’s end. The combination
data. In the beginning, only federal agencies and a few of TCP and IP is still the model used to move data over
research universities were linked. The system was funded the Internet.
by the Advanced Research Project Agency, a technology In 1984 the Pentagon, the leadership of the U.S. mil-
and research group in the U.S. Department of Defense. itary, decided the growing academic and community-
The system was referred to as ARPANET. based Internet was far too open and lacked the security
The first four universities connected to ARPANET required for a military network. They transferred control
were Stanford University, the University of California-Los of the original ARPANET to the National Science Foun-
Angeles, the University of California-Santa Barbara, and dation (NSF) and created a separate and secure network
the University of Utah. Communications research in the called MILNET. The NSF added a network backbone,
1960s led to decentralized networks, queuing theory, and renamed it NSFNet and made it available to a much larger
packet switching. These technologies allowed different number of colleges and universities.
types of computers to send and receive data. Computers With more universities connected and participating
transmitted information in a standardized protocol called in the Internet, more programs and communication
packets. The addressing information in these packets told applications were created. A program called Telnet

426 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE, SECOND EDITION