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Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology EN011J-141 July 31, 2001 15:14

Pharmaceuticals, Controlled Release of 803

A third potential growth area for controlled release tech- SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES
nology is the development of systems for targeted drug
delivery. Drug delivery to the ultimate site of action is a AEROSOLS • BIOPOLYMERS • ELECTROPHORESIS • ION
multistep process. Conventional controlled drug delivery TRANSPORT ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES • MEM-
systems generally only address the first step, the rate of BRANES,SYNTHETIC,APPLICATIONS • PHARMACEUTI-
delivery of drug to the body. The path of the drug from the CALS • PHARMACOKINETICS
dosage site to the diseased cells is largely uncontrolled.
Targeted drug delivery systems attempt to improve this
step in the delivery process, in effect, to improve the aim BIBLIOGRAPHY
of Ehrlich’s magic bullet. Antibody-coated liposomes and
the PEG-peptide products described above are the first Baker, R. (1987). “Controlled Release of Biologically Active Agents,”
simple prototype product designs to tackle this problem. Wiley, New York.
Benita, S. (1996). “Microencapsulation: Methods and Industrial Appli-
Over time, more sophisticated and more effective tech-
cations,” Marcel Dekker, New York.
niques will be developed. Chasin, M., and Langer, R. (1990). “Biodegradable Polymers as Drug
Finally, all the controlled release products described Delivery Systems,” Marcel Dekker, New York.
in this article are preprogrammed, with the rate of de- Chien, Y., Su, K., and Chang, S. (1989). “Nasal Systemic Drug Delivery,”
livery being established by the designer of the device. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Clark, A. (1995). “Medical aerosol inhalers: Past, present and future,”
No subsequent adjustment of the drug delivery rate in
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 22, 374–391.
response to patient need is possible. However, many dis- Friend, D. (1992). “Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery,” CRC Press,
ease conditions are episodic, for example, diabetes, stroke, Boca Raton, Fl.
migraines, heart attacks, and epilepsy. Controlled drug Katre, N. (1993). “The conjugation of proteins with polyethylene glycol
delivery systems that could sense the body’s need and and other polymers,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 10, 91–114.
Lasic, D., and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1998). “Medical Applications of
automatically deliver the drug at the rate required would
Liposomes,” Elsevier Science, New York.
be a huge benefit. In the intensive care facilities of modern Potts, R., and Guy, R. (1997). “Mechanisms of Transdermal Drug De-
hospitals, this type of control is achieved through contin- livery,” Marcel Dekker, New York.
uous electronic sensors and monitoring by the attending Santus, G., and Baker, R. (1995). “Osmotic drug delivery: A review of
nurses and physicians. In the future, development of mi- the patent literature,” J. Controlled Release 35, 1–21.
Smith, E., and Maibach, H. (1995). “Percutaneous Penetration En-
croelectronic/micromechanical patient-portable machines
hancers,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
to produce the same level of control on ambulatory, at-risk Wise,D.(2000).“HandbookofPharmaceuticalControlledReleaseTech-
patients can be imagined. nology,” Marcel Dekker, New York.