Page 96 - Foundations of Cognitive Psychology : Core Readings

Minds, Brains, and Programs 97

good at following the instructions for manipulating the Chinese symbols and
the programmers get so good at writing the programs that from the external
pointof view—that is, fromthe pointofviewofsomebodyoutside theroom in
which I am locked—my answers to the questions are absolutely indistinguish-
able from those of native Chinese speakers. Nobody just looking at my answers
can tell that I don’t speak a word of Chinese. Let us also suppose that my
answers to the English questions are, as they no doubt would be, indistin-
guishable from those of other native English speakers, for the simple reason
that I am a native English speaker. From the external point of view—from the
point of view of someone reading my ‘‘answers’’—the answers to the Chinese
questions and the English questions are equally good. But in the Chinese case,
unlike the English case, I produce the answers by manipulating uninterpreted
formal symbols. As far as the Chinese is concerned, I simply behave like a
computer; I perform computational operations on formally specified elements.
For the purposes of the Chinese, I am simply an instantiation of the computer
program.
Now the claims made by strong AI are that the programmed computer
understands the stories and that the program in some sense explains human
understanding. But we are now in a position to examine these claims in light of
our thought experiment.
1. As regardsthe first claim, it seemstomequite obviousinthe examplethat
I do not understand a word of the Chinese stories. I have inputs and outputs
that are indistinguishable from those of the native Chinese speaker, and I can
have any formal program you like, but I still understand nothing. For the same
reasons, Schank’s computer understands nothing of any stories, whether in
Chinese, English, or whatever, since in the Chinese case the computer is me,
and in cases where the computer is not me, the computer has nothing more
than I have in the case where I understand nothing.
2. As regards the second claim, that the program explains human under-
standing, we can see that the computer and its program do not provide suffi-
cient conditions of understanding since the computer and the program are
functioning, and there is no understanding. But does it even provide a neces-
sary condition or a significant contribution to understanding?One of the claims
made by the supporters of strong AI is that when I understand a story in
English, what I am doing is exactly the same—or perhaps more of the same—
as what I was doing in manipulating the Chinese symbols. It is simply more
formal symbol manipulation that distinguishes the case in English, where I do
understand, from the case in Chinese, where I don’t. I have not demonstrated
that this claim is false, but it would certainly appear an incredible claim in the
example. Such plausibility as the claim has derives from the supposition that
we can construct a program that will have the same inputs and outputs as
native speakers, and in addition we assume that speakers have some level of
description where they are also instantiations of a program. On the basis of
these two assumptions we assume that even if Schank’s program isn’t the
whole story about understanding, it may be part of the story. Well, I sup-
pose that is an empirical possibility, but not the slightest reason has so far
been given to believe that it is true, since what is suggested—though certainly
not demonstrated—by the example is that the computer program is simply