Page 116 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

100 From smart grid to internet of energy

long distance data communication and control signal transmission with very
low latency. However, bandwidth requirement of the WAN is the highest one
among network types utilized in SG systems. The NAN is responsible to take
care of consumer measured data like demand rate, consumption level, and
power quality transmitted by AMI networks, whereas FAN is employed to build
a communication medium between backhaul and distribution network services.
Therefore, FAN networks guarantee data transmission between management
system and distribution substations, feeder points, and services. An alternative
AMI network throughout the SG concept is placed at consumption level where
data transmissions such as smart meter (SM), home energy management system
(HEMS), electric vehicles (EVs) consumption, and micro grid generation rates
of customers are obtained by utilizing HAN networks. The details of network
architecture schemes utilized in SG systems will be explained by the following
sections.

3.2 Premises network schemes
The premises network aims to collect sensor data within the customer premises
from different types of smart devices and appliances, and sends management
commands to them for better management of energy consumption. Houses,
apartments, residential and commercial buildings, and plants are the targeted
coverage areas of premises network schemes. HAN, BAN and IAN are also
known as private (premises) networks because those are the first network
scheme related to customer characteristics. Many applications like remote con-
trol, light control, smart energy management, security and safety can be realized
by deploying home automation networks including numerous type of sensors
and actuators [9, 10]. For example, in light control applications, a light can
be turned on/off by a switch, or actuated by remote control, or can be controlled
automatically by using sensors, and it is automated on the basis of demand
request by the utility company in case of SG systems. The BAN and IAN terms
are employed to mention similar network structures when a network is realized
in buildings and industrial areas, respectively.

3.2.1 Home area networks (HANs)
In customer premises, the use of HANs is required to accomplish monitoring
and control processes of home appliances and smart devices. New services such
as automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) and demand response (DR) are also
implemented over these networks. The HAN is considered as the most signif-
icant networking technology for SG systems on the basis of bidirectional data
communication for administrating DR by utilities [11]. In addition, a HAN is
responsible to collect sensor data from different appliances within a house or
a residential dwelling, and it intends to send control commands to the appliances
to ensure efficient energy management. A residential control center can observe