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Emerging wireless communication for smart grid applications Chapter 5 199

FIG. 5.11 Evolution of mobile communication technologies.

(3GPP), the WiMAX is proposed by the IEEE. The LTE technology utilizes
orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for downlink connec-
tions and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for
uplink connections. The WiMAX technology employs the OFDMA for both
connection types [54].
Currently, mobile users are able to connect Internet with lower latency and
higher data rates due to the fact that 4G communication systems are started to be
employed worldwide. Recently, increasing popularity of smart devices (e.g.,
smart phones, netbooks, tablets etc.) and increasing internet access possibilities
have caused remarkable changes in user habits. For instance, users have
experienced watching high-definition videos, employing new and useful third
party applications and social media platforms. As a result of the increased uti-
lization of the Internet, service providers have encountered broader bandwidth