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202 From smart grid to internet of energy

FIG. 5.13 The key aims of 5G cellular communication systems.

these communication networks. Several service providers and operators are cur-
rently presenting solutions and services for SG applications since there exist var-
ious reasons providing advantages for SG systems. In addition, this technology
has been utilized by the utilities for monitoring purposes. There are transmission
line monitoring devices that can transmit measurements and notification mes-
sages through the cellular communication systems. It is advantageous to employ
cellular communication systems since the network is already in use and there is no
installation cost. In addition, improved security mechanisms are used in these sys-
tems. On the other hand, bad system performance under emergency circum-
stances are regarded the disadvantage of the cellular communication systems.

5.6 IEEE 802.16/WiMAX
WiMAX technology, which is standardized thanks to IEEE 802.16 for enabling
broadband wireless access in both mobile and non-mobile point-to-multipoint
communications, is specifically developed for Wireless Metropolitan Area Net-
work (WMAN) applications by providing high data rates as much as 70 Mbps
within a large coverage area. Even though the primary aim of this technology is
to accomplish worldwide interoperability for microwave access, the WiMAX
technology is a good candidate to enable connection among data management
points and SMs in SG systems. The IEEE 802.16 standard suggests utilizing 2–
66 GHz frequency spectrum, and interoperability features of the technology has
been specified by the WiMAX forum. The exploited spectrum of this technol-
ogy can be classified in two groups according to line-of-sight (LOS) status.
While the frequencies between 11 and 66 GHz are utilized for LOS conditions,
the frequencies from 2 to 11 GHz are exploited for none-LOS (NLOS) cases.
Also, the 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz licensed frequency bands have been allocated
for mobile communications whereas 3.5 GHz licensed band and 5.8 GHz unli-
censed band have been devoted for non-mobile communications. Typically, 25