Page 52 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Introduction to smart grid and internet of energy systems Chapter 1 39

The main control and measurement procedures are required for billing and
pricing, phasor measurement, optimization, DSM, distribution management
system controller (DMSC). A wide variety of area networks and control systems
including Extended Area Network (EAN), NAN, FAN, WRAN, WPAN, and
MDMS are used to meet requirements of smart grid applications. The consumer
side applications can be listed as residential or HEMS, microgrid management,
source prediction and forecasting, and PEV integration to distribution grid. The
communication requirements of consumption level applications are coped
with limited area networks such as HAN, BAN, IAN or DSL connections for
consumption control, microgrid control, home automation and security control.
The devices that are used in consumer side include smart appliances, smart
meters, HomePlug, sensor types, smart plugs and ethernet based devices.
The technical details and discussions on these applications and requirements
of smart grid will be presented in the following chapters of this book. Therefore,
it is preferred to present a brief introduction in this section.
The smart meters that are located at customer sites also provide important
contribution to grid management by detecting power consumption and quality
parameters. The smart meters provide actual consumption data by local or
remote metering features. Moreover, smart meters with remote control capabil-
ity are used to load shading and remote closing of any customer if it is required.
Therefore, smart meters enable DSOs to plan a detailed and more accurate DSM
program for customers or load sites. The PMUs are essential components of
Smart Grid infrastructure to monitor power quality, voltage and frequency
values of any transmission line and overhead transmission systems. They pro-
vide instant, low latency and highly accurate measurement signals to monitor-
ing center [2].
The fundamental components of Smart Grid infrastructure are introduced
as smart sensors, sensor networks, PMUs, smart meters, and wireless sensor
networks in the following sub headings to provide further understanding on
communication and monitoring features.

1.3.1 Smart sensors and sensor networks
Remote monitoring and control is one of the major functions required in Smart
Grid infrastructure. The ICT enables this requirement by use of integrated com-
munication systems, sensor and transducer interfaces, advanced measurement
systems, enhanced control functions and decision-making algorithms in AMI
environment of Smart Grid. Accordingly, communication systems integrated
with sensors and transducers comprise sensor networks to build an interactive
and dynamic power system corresponding with all upstream and downstream
components of utility grid. Therefore, an integrated communication system
encompasses the entire power network from generation to consumption sites.
The data acquisition and transmission operations are performed to meet
required functionality to connect widespread sensors and actuators for meter