Page 7 - Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery
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vi Contents
3.6 CO 2 Injection in Tight Reservoir 92
3.7 CO 2 Injection for Enhanced Gas Recovery 93
3.8 Environmental Aspects of CO 2 Injection 94
References 95
4. Miscible Gas Injection Processes 101
Pouria Behnoudfar, Alireza Rostami and Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh
4.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery 101
4.2 Immiscible and Miscible Processes 102
4.3 Minimum Miscibility Determination 103
4.4 First Contact Miscible Versus Multicontact Miscible 116
4.5 Heavy Oil Recovery Using CO 2 116
4.6 Hydrocarbon: LPG, Enriched Gas, and Lean Gas 121
4.7 Reservoir Screening 121
4.8 Corrosion 122
4.9 Design Standards and Recommended Practices 123
4.10 Water-Alternating-Gas Process 125
4.11 Estimating Recovery 127
4.12 CO 2 Properties and Required Volumes 129
References 133
5. Thermal Recovery Processes 139
Forough Ameli, Ali Alashkar and Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Various Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 139
Problems 182
References 183
6. Chemical Flooding 187
Mohammad Ali Ahmadi
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Chemical-Based Enhanced Oil Recovery Method 187
References 201
7. Waterflooding 207
Mohammad Ali Ahmadi
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Derivation of Continuity Equation for Displacement Front of Linear
Displacement System 207
7.3 Derivation of Continuity Equation for Displacement Front of Radial
Displacement System 211
