Page 8 - Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs

vi CONTENTS

1.5.20 Northern South America, 11
1.5.21 Turkey, 11
1.6 Data Assessment, 11
1.6.1 Distribution, 11
1.6.2 Basin Type, 11
1.6.3 Depositional Environment, 12
1.6.4 TOC Content, 12
1.6.5 Clay Content, 13
1.7 Industry Challenges, 13
1.7.1 Environmental Challenges, 13
1.7.2 Commercial/Economic, 14
1.8 Discussion, 14
1.9 Conclusions, 15
Appendix A.1 Global Shale Gas Resource Data, 16

2 organic Matter‐Rich Shale Depositional environments 21
2.1 Introduction, 21
2.2 Processes Behind the Deposition of Organic Matter‐Rich Shale, 23
2.2.1 Processes Behind the Transport and Deposition of Mud, 23
2.2.2 Production, Destruction, and Dilution:
The Many Roads to Black Shale, 23
2.3 Stratigraphic Distribution of Organic Matter‐Rich Shales, 25
2.4 Geographic Distribution of Organic Matter‐Rich Shales, 27
2.4.1 Background, 27
2.4.2 Controls on the Geographic Distribution of Black Shales, 30
2.5 Organic Matter‐Rich Shale Depositional Environments, 34
2.5.1 Continental Depositional Environments, 34
2.5.2 Paralic Depositional Environments, 36
2.5.3 Shallow Marine Depositional Environments, 37
2.5.4 Deep Marine Depositional Environments, 38
2.6 Conclusion, 39
3 Geochemical Assessment of Unconventional Shale Gas Resource Systems 47
3.1 Introduction, 47
3.2 Objective and Background, 49
3.3 Kerogen Quantity and Quality, 49
3.4 Sample Type and Quality, 51
3.5 Kerogen Type and Compositional Yields, 52
3.6 Thermal Maturity, 54
3.7 Organoporosity Development, 55
3.8 Gas Contents, 57
3.9 Expulsion–Retention of Petroleum, 57
3.10 Secondary (Petroleum) Cracking, 58
3.11 Upper Maturity Limit for Shale Gas, 58
3.12 Gas Composition and Carbon Isotopes, 59
3.13 Additional Geochemical Analyses for Shale Gas Resource System Evaluation, 61
3.14 Oil and Condensate with Shale Gas, 63
3.15 Major Shale Gas Resource Systems, 64
3.16 Conclusions, 65

4 Sequence Stratigraphy of Unconventional Resource Shales 71
4.1 Introduction, 71
4.2 General Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Unconventional Resource Shales, 71