Page 229 - Fundamentals of Geomorphology

212 PROCESS AND FORM

a
() Vadose ( ) Water-table or epiphreatic
b

W ater Spring
Water
ater
W
Water Spring
table
table
table
table
saturated
zone
ermanently
Permanently saturated zone P Permanently saturated zone
P
zone
saturated
ermanently
c
( ) Deep phreatic ( ) Deep phreatic
d
with loops
Spring
Water
Spring W ater
ater
Water
W
table
table
table
table
zone
ermanently
P Permanently saturated zone
saturated
zone
P
ermanently
Permanently saturated zone
saturated
( ) Phreatic with loops () Mixed loop and
f
e
epiphreatic
Spring
Water
W ater
Water Spring
W
ater
table
table
table
table
ermanently
zone
saturated
P Permanently saturated zone
saturated
zone
ermanently
Permanently saturated zone
P
Figure 8.18 Types of caves.
Source: Adapted from Ford and Ewers (1978)
Speleogens
important in the formation of potholes. In the cave
Cave forms created by weathering and by water and system behind God’s Bridge rising in Chapel-le-Dale,
wind erosion are called speleogens. Examples are cur- North Yorkshire, England, grooves in bedrock, which
rent markings, potholes and rock mills, rock pendants, look like rounded solution runnels, seem to be carved
and scallops. out by abrasion during times of high flow (Murphy and
Potholes and current markings are gouged out by Cordingley 1999).
sediment-laden, flowing water in conjunction with some Rock pendants and scallops are products of solu-
solutional erosion. The swirling motion of water is tion. Rock pendants, which normally occur in groups,