Page 271 - Fundamentals of Geomorphology

254 PROCESS AND FORM

Glacial Glacial Glacial Glacial Glacial Glacial Glacial Glacial

2

(‰) 1 Colder
O
18 volume)
0
ratio, ice
isotope for (surrogate –1

Oxygen –2 Warmer

–3
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Time (thousands of years ago)

Figure 10.4 Temperature changes over the last 750,000 years, showing alternating colder (glacial) and warmer
(interglacial) stages.

Elevation
(m) Karakoram Himalaya
9,000
Asia
Central Africa Guinea Peru Bolivia Argentina
Alaska Mexico Ethiopia Colombia Ecuador East

6,000 New Zealand Antarctica
Island Greenland New Chile

Ellesmere

3,000

Present snow line
Ice age snow line

0
90°N 60°N 30°N 0° 30°S 60°S 90°S
Latitude
Figure 10.5 Latitudinal cross-section of the highest summits and highest and lowest snowlines.
Source: Adapted from Barry and Ives (1974)