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VOLCANIC SYSTEMS 17

PLINIAN ERUPTIONS HYDROMAGMATIC ERUPTIONS
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from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens Sigurdsson), pp. 361–81. Academic Press, San
volcano. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 7061–72. Diego, CA.
Sparks, R.S.J., Wilson, L. & Sigurdsson, H. (1981) The Gudmundsson, M.T., Sigmudsson, F. & Björnsson, K.
pyroclastic deposits of the 1875 eruption of Askja, (1997) Ice-volcano interaction of the 1996 Gjálp
Iceland. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 299, 241–73. subglacial eruption, Vatnajökull, Iceland. Nature
Walker, G.P.L. (1980) The Taupo pumice: product of 389, 954–7.
the most powerful known (ultraplinian) eruption? Kienle, J., Kyle, P.R., Self, S., Motyka, R.J. & Lorenz, V.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 8, 69–94. (1980) Ukinrek Maars, Alaska, I. April 1977 erup-
Walker, G.P.L. & Croasdale, R. (1970) Two Plinian- tion sequence, petrology and tectonic setting.
type eruptions in the Azores. J. Geol. Soc. London J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 7, 11–37.
127, 17–55. Moore, J.G., Nakamura, K. & Alcaraz, A. (1966)
The 1965 eruption of Taal volcano. Science 155,
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IGNIMBRITE-FORMING ERUPTIONS
White, J.D.L. & Houghton, B. (2000) Surtseyan and
Branney, M.J. & Kokelaar, P. (2002) Pyroclastic Density related phreatomagmatic eruptions. In Encyclo-
Currents and the Sedimentation of Ignimbrites. pedia of Volcanoes (Ed. H. Sigurdsson), pp. 495–
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SUBMARINE ERUPTIONS
Destruction of St. Pierre, Martinique, by ashcloud
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STROMBOLIAN ERUPTIONS
SUBGLACIAL ERUPTIONS

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implications for volcanic deposit morphology and
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1.6 Questions to think about
VULCANIAN ERUPTIONS
1 What is the difference between an effusive and an
Morrissey, M. & Mastin, L.G. (2000) Vulcanian
eruptions. In Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Ed. H. explosive eruption, and what factors can make
Sigurdsson), pp. 463–75. Academic Press, San an eruption truly effusive rather than explosive?
Diego, CA. 2 What types of eruption are common and what
Nairn, I.A. & Self, S. (1978) Explosive eruptions and types are rare on Earth, using a typical human life
pyroclastic avalanches from Ngauruhoe in February span as a scale? Is there any correlation between
1975. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 3, 39–60. eruption style and rarity?