Page 16 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

Contents xv

11.3.2.2 Smoluchowski’s Collision Equations ......................................................................... 294
11.3.2.3 Camp’s G .................................................................................................................... 296
11.4 Theory of Flocculation ............................................................................................................................ 296
11.4.1 Kinetics....................................................................................................................................... 296
11.4.1.1 Frequency of Particle Collisions................................................................................. 296
11.4.1.2 Rate of Formation of New Particles, k ....................................................................... 299
11.4.2 Nature of Flocs and Flocculation............................................................................................... 299
11.4.2.1 Characteristics of Flocs............................................................................................... 299
11.4.2.2 Floc Breakup............................................................................................................... 304
11.4.2.3 Bioflocculation............................................................................................................ 304
11.4.3 Flocculents.................................................................................................................................. 305
11.4.4 Design Principles for Paddle-Wheel Flocculators...................................................................... 306
11.4.4.1 Derivation of Camp’s Equation for Paddle-Wheel Flocculation................................ 306
11.4.4.2 P(paddle-wheel) with Units........................................................................................ 308
11.5 Design...................................................................................................................................................... 308
11.5.1 Design Procedure from Camp.................................................................................................... 308
11.5.1.1 Camp’s Criteria ........................................................................................................... 308
11.5.1.2 Camp’s Guidelines...................................................................................................... 308
11.5.1.3 Spreadsheet Algorithm................................................................................................ 310
11.5.2 Model Flocculation Basin .......................................................................................................... 310
11.5.2.1 Calculations................................................................................................................. 310
11.5.2.2 Plots............................................................................................................................. 310
11.5.2.3 Slip Factor................................................................................................................... 313
11.5.3 Plant Design ............................................................................................................................... 313
11.5.4 Other Technologies .................................................................................................................... 315
11.5.4.1 Turbines ...................................................................................................................... 315
11.5.4.2 Baffles ......................................................................................................................... 315
11.6 Proprietary Technologies......................................................................................................................... 319
11.6.1 Turbine Flocculators................................................................................................................... 320
11.6.2 Solids Contact Units................................................................................................................... 320
11.6.2.1 Principles..................................................................................................................... 320
11.6.2.2 Design Practice, Equipment, Operation...................................................................... 321
11.6.3 Super-Pulsatorse........................................................................................................................ 321
11.6.4 Culligan Multi-Teche................................................................................................................ 321
11.7 Summary.................................................................................................................................................. 321
Problems............................................................................................................................................................. 321
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................. 323
Appendix 11.A: Derivation of Camp and Stein G for Three-Dimensional Cube .......................................... 323
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................. 324
References .......................................................................................................................................................... 326

Chapter 12 Rapid Filtration................................................................................................................................................... 329

12.1 Description of Rapid Filtration................................................................................................................ 329
12.1.1 Filtration Technology ................................................................................................................. 329
12.1.1.1 In-a-Nutshell ............................................................................................................... 329
12.1.1.2 Support Components................................................................................................... 330
12.1.1.3 Filtration Mode ........................................................................................................... 330
12.1.2 Applications................................................................................................................................ 331
12.1.3 Variations.................................................................................................................................... 331
12.2 Development of Rapid Filtration............................................................................................................. 331
12.2.1 Development of Rapid Filtration................................................................................................ 331
12.2.1.1 Hyatt Filter.................................................................................................................. 331
12.2.1.2 Warren Filter............................................................................................................... 331
12.2.1.3 Other Proprietary Filters ............................................................................................. 331
12.2.1.4 Fuller’s Experiments ................................................................................................... 332