Page 21 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

xx Contents

14.4.1.1 Pre-Coat Deposit......................................................................................................... 445
14.4.1.2 Body Feed................................................................................................................... 446
14.4.1.3 Valve and Pump Operation ........................................................................................ 446
14.4.2 Monitoring.................................................................................................................................. 446
14.4.2.1 Flow versus Time ....................................................................................................... 447
14.4.2.2 Headloss versus Time................................................................................................. 447
14.4.2.3 Turbidity versus Time................................................................................................. 447
14.4.2.4 Criteria for Run Termination...................................................................................... 447
14.4.3 Cleaning and Start-Up................................................................................................................ 447
14.4.3.1 Protocol....................................................................................................................... 447
14.4.3.2 Start-Up....................................................................................................................... 447
14.4.4 Disposal of Waste Diatomite...................................................................................................... 447
14.4.4.1 Waste Storage ............................................................................................................. 447
14.4.4.2 Waste Disposal ........................................................................................................... 447
14.5 Pilot Plant Studies.................................................................................................................................... 447
14.5.1 Questions for a Pilot Plant Study............................................................................................... 447
14.5.1.1 Functional Relationships............................................................................................. 448
14.5.2 Cases........................................................................................................................................... 448
14.5.2.1 SR Ranch, Colorado ................................................................................................... 448
14.5.2.2 100 Mile House, British Columbia............................................................................. 449
Problems............................................................................................................................................................. 450
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................. 450
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................. 451
References .......................................................................................................................................................... 453

PART IV Molecules and Ions

Chapter 15 Adsorption.......................................................................................................................................................... 457
15.1 Description............................................................................................................................................... 457
15.1.1 Adsorption In-a-Nutshell............................................................................................................ 457
15.1.1.1 Definitions................................................................................................................... 457
15.1.1.2 Process Description..................................................................................................... 458
15.1.1.3 Operation..................................................................................................................... 458
15.1.1.4 Performance Measures................................................................................................ 458
15.1.2 Adsorbents.................................................................................................................................. 458
15.1.2.1 Kinds of Adsorbents ................................................................................................... 458
15.1.2.2 Sources of Activated Carbon...................................................................................... 459
15.1.2.3 Manufacturing of Activated Carbon........................................................................... 459
15.1.2.4 Characteristics of GAC............................................................................................... 459
15.1.2.5 Shipping Data ............................................................................................................. 463
15.1.3 Adsorbates .................................................................................................................................. 463
15.1.3.1 Organic Compounds ................................................................................................... 463
15.1.3.2 Natural Organic Matter............................................................................................... 464
15.1.4 Applications................................................................................................................................ 464
15.1.5 History ........................................................................................................................................ 464
15.1.5.1 Lore............................................................................................................................. 465
15.1.5.2 Science ........................................................................................................................ 465
15.1.5.3 Practice........................................................................................................................ 465
15.2 Adsorption Process Theory ..................................................................................................................... 466
15.2.1 Equilibrium................................................................................................................................. 466
15.2.1.1 Reaction ...................................................................................................................... 466
15.2.1.2 Langmuir Isotherm...................................................................................................... 466
15.2.1.3 Freundlich Isotherm.................................................................................................... 469
15.2.1.4 General Isotherm......................................................................................................... 470
15.2.1.5 Multicomponent Equilibria......................................................................................... 470