Page 25 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

xxiv Contents

17.3.7 Electrodialysis............................................................................................................................. 556
17.3.7.1 Applications ................................................................................................................ 556
17.3.8 Fouling........................................................................................................................................ 556
17.3.8.1 Reversible and Irreversible Fouling............................................................................ 557
17.3.8.2 Natural Organic Matter............................................................................................... 557
17.3.8.3 Particle Fouling........................................................................................................... 557
17.3.8.4 Inorganics.................................................................................................................... 557
17.3.8.5 Concentration Polarization.......................................................................................... 557
17.4 Design...................................................................................................................................................... 559
17.4.1 Pretreatment................................................................................................................................ 559
17.4.1.1 Cartridge Filters .......................................................................................................... 559
17.4.1.2 Microfilter ................................................................................................................... 559
17.4.1.3 Conventional Treatment.............................................................................................. 559
17.4.1.4 Other Pretreatment ...................................................................................................... 559
17.4.2 Membrane Layouts..................................................................................................................... 559
17.4.2.1 First Stage ................................................................................................................... 560
17.4.2.2 Second Stage............................................................................................................... 560
17.4.2.3 Third Stage.................................................................................................................. 560
17.4.2.4 Concentrate ................................................................................................................. 560
17.4.2.5 Recoveries................................................................................................................... 560
17.5 Operation ................................................................................................................................................. 560
17.5.1 Integrity Testing ......................................................................................................................... 561
17.5.1.1 Breaches...................................................................................................................... 561
17.5.1.2 Testing......................................................................................................................... 561
17.5.2 Cleaning...................................................................................................................................... 561
17.6 Pilot Plants............................................................................................................................................... 561
17.6.1 Utility of Pilot Plants.................................................................................................................. 561
17.6.1.1 Pilot Plant Design ....................................................................................................... 561
17.6.1.2 Pilot Plant Operation................................................................................................... 562
17.7 Case ......................................................................................................................................................... 562
17.7.1 City of Brighton Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment Plant....................................................... 562
17.7.1.1 Background................................................................................................................. 562
17.7.1.2 Brighton Pilot Plant .................................................................................................... 562
17.7.1.3 Design Parameters ...................................................................................................... 562
17.7.1.4 Plant Layout................................................................................................................ 563
Problems............................................................................................................................................................. 564
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................. 565
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................. 565
References .......................................................................................................................................................... 569

Chapter 18 Gas Transfer ....................................................................................................................................................... 571
18.1 Description............................................................................................................................................... 571
18.1.1 Gas Transfer In-a-Nutshell......................................................................................................... 571
18.1.1.1 Comparison with Other Mass-Transfer Processes...................................................... 571
18.1.1.2 Process Description..................................................................................................... 571
18.1.2 Applications................................................................................................................................ 571
18.1.3 History ........................................................................................................................................ 571
18.1.3.1 Theory......................................................................................................................... 572
18.1.3.2 Stream Aeration .......................................................................................................... 572
18.1.3.3 Oxygen Transfer in Activated Sludge ........................................................................ 572
18.1.3.4 Spiral Flow Diffusers.................................................................................................. 572
18.1.3.5 Turbine Aeration......................................................................................................... 572
18.1.3.6 Grid Diffusers ............................................................................................................. 573
18.1.3.7 Air Stripping ............................................................................................................... 573