Page 27 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

xxvi Contents

19.3 Theory...................................................................................................................................................... 612
19.3.1 Inactivation ................................................................................................................................. 613
19.3.1.1 Factors......................................................................................................................... 613
19.3.1.2 Mathematics................................................................................................................ 613
19.3.1.3 Ct’s Compiled ............................................................................................................. 614
19.3.1.4 Ct(chlorine) for Giardia lamblia Cysts ...................................................................... 614
19.3.1.5 Inactivation by Ozone................................................................................................. 614
19.3.2 Application of Chick–Watson Relation ..................................................................................... 614
19.3.2.1 Examples of C t Relation .......................................................................................... 617
19.3.3 Chlorine Chemistry .................................................................................................................... 617
19.3.3.1 Chlorine Properties ..................................................................................................... 617
19.3.3.2 Chlorine Demand........................................................................................................ 618
19.3.4 Chloramines................................................................................................................................ 622
19.3.4.1 Chlorine–Ammonia Reactions.................................................................................... 622
19.3.4.2 Chloramine Disinfection............................................................................................. 622
19.3.5 Ozone Chemistry........................................................................................................................ 622
19.3.6 Chlorine Dioxide ........................................................................................................................ 622
19.3.6.1 Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide as a Disinfectant.................................................. 622
19.3.6.2 Characteristics of ClO 2 ............................................................................................... 623
19.3.6.3 Reaction Alternatives.................................................................................................. 623
19.3.7 Ultraviolet Radiation .................................................................................................................. 624
19.3.7.1 Disinfection Rate by UV ............................................................................................ 624
19.3.7.2 Log R’s by UV............................................................................................................ 625
19.3.7.3 Radiation Fundamentals.............................................................................................. 625
19.3.7.4 Reactor Design............................................................................................................ 628
19.4 Design...................................................................................................................................................... 629
19.4.1 Chlorine ...................................................................................................................................... 629
19.4.1.1 Chlorine Feed.............................................................................................................. 629
19.4.1.2 Reactor Design............................................................................................................ 630
19.4.2 Hypochlorite............................................................................................................................... 630
19.4.3 Ozone.......................................................................................................................................... 630
19.4.4 Chlorine Dioxides....................................................................................................................... 631
19.4.5 UV Reactors ............................................................................................................................... 631
19.4.5.1 Hydraulics................................................................................................................... 631
19.4.5.2 UV Reactors Volume.................................................................................................. 631
19.4.5.3 UV Lamps................................................................................................................... 632
19.4.5.4 Lamp Components...................................................................................................... 632
19.4.5.5 UV Design Guidelines................................................................................................ 633
19.4.6 Costs ........................................................................................................................................... 633
19.4.7 Case ............................................................................................................................................ 633
19.4.8 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 633
19.5 Operation ................................................................................................................................................. 633
19.5.1 Chlorine Operation..................................................................................................................... 633
19.5.2 Ozone Operation......................................................................................................................... 633
19.5.3 Ultraviolet Lamps....................................................................................................................... 634
Problems............................................................................................................................................................. 634
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................. 635
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................. 635
References .......................................................................................................................................................... 640

Chapter 20 Oxidation............................................................................................................................................................ 643
20.1 Description............................................................................................................................................... 643
20.1.1 Applications of Oxidation Technology...................................................................................... 643
20.1.2 History of Oxidation Technology .............................................................................................. 643
20.1.2.1 Oxidation Based on Electromotive Potential.............................................................. 643