Page 759 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

714 Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes: Physical, Chemical, and Biological

is back titrated of the excess standard acid with Micronutrient: Elements found in biomass in small fractions
standard base (foregoing from Chen et al., 1988, such as Fe, Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Mo, Ni, Zn, Co
p. 6081). (Eckenfelder and Grau, 1992, p. 2).
Liebig’s law of the minimum: A microbial population Mineralize: The conversion of an organic compound to car-
will grow until some factor limits further growth bon dioxide and water by means of a biological
(Prescott et al., 1990, p. G14). reaction.
Lipids: An organic molecule built mainly from long hydro- Mitochondria: Organelles bounded by two membranes, with
carbon chains of fatty acids, a rich source of stored the inner membrane folded into cristae, and are respon-
energy (Campbell, 1991, p. 69). sible for energy generation by the tricarboxylic acid
Lumping: Defining a parameter collectively, rather than indi- cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphoryl-
vidually; examples include biochemical oxygen ation (Prescott et al., 2005, p. 92). Mitochondria are
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), found in most eukaryotic cells and are the site of the
total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen TCA cycle and the generation of ATP and are bound
(TKN). Kinetic lumping refers to a kinetic study on a by two membranes (Prescott et al., 2005, p. 82).
substrate mixture degraded by a mixture of organ- Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS): The concentration
isms. Foregoing from Li et al. (1996, p. 841). of solids in an activated-sludge basin, usually meas-
Macronutrient: Major fractions of biomass such as C, O, H, ured in mg=L. Mixed liquor volatile suspended sol-
N, P, S (Eckenfelder and Grau, 1992, p. 2). Typic- ids (MLVSS) is also used.
ally, the term is used for N, P. Mole: The mass of a substance that contains 1.022 10 23
Maintenance energy: The energy required by a microorgan- molecules, i.e., Avogadro’s number. For example, a
ism in order to function, such as to rebuild proteins, mole of oxygen gas, O 2 , has a mass of 32.00 g.
provide motility, active transport of molecules. See See also a chemistry text, e.g., Silberberg (1996,
also endogenous respiration. pp. 85–130).
Medium: The environment of the cell, e.g., temperature, pH, Monod equation: Kinetic rate constant as defined by Jacques
osmotic pressure, substrate, nutrients, and other Monod in 1942, i.e., m ¼ ^m[S=(K s þ S)].
components (Eckenfelder and Grau, 1992, p. 3). NAD : Biological oxidizing agent that accepts electrons as a
þ
Mesophilic: Refers to an organism with a temperature reactant in a redox reaction (Rawn, 1989, p. 241) and
range optimum 208C–458C (Prescott et al., 1993, is the abbreviation for nicotinamide adenine
p. G15). dinucleotide.
Metabolism: (1) The sum of anabolism (cell synthesis) and NADH: Biological reducing agent that gives up electrons as a
catabolism (substrate reaction that yields energy). (2) reactant in a redox reaction (Rawn, 1989, p. 241)
The aggregate of anabolism (cell synthesis) and NADP: Biological oxidizing agent; it accepts electrons as a
catabolism (cell respiration). (3) The aggregate func- reactant in a redox reaction (Rawn, 1989, p. 241) and
tioning of a cell, which includes taking up of nutri- is the abbreviation for nicotinamide adenine
ents, discarding waste products, reproduction. dinucleotide phosphate.
Methanogenesis: Anaerobic reaction in which the electron NADPH: (1) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
equivalents of organic matter are used to reduce (2) Biological reducing agents; they give up elec-
carbon to its most reduced oxidation state, 4, in trons as a reactant in a redox reaction (Rawn, 1989,
methane, CH 4 . Each mole of CH 4 contains 8 electron p. 241).
equivalents or 64 g of COD. Each mole of CH 4 has a Nitrate: Nitrate (þ5 oxidation state) or nitrite (þ3 oxidation
volume of 22.4 L at STP; thus each gram of COD state).
stabilized generates 0.35 L CH 4 gas at STP (Rittman Nitrification: (1) The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate; bac-
and McCarty, 2001, p. 569). teria involved are of the family, Nitrobacteriaceae
Michaelis–Menten Equation: (1) Kinetic relation for cell (Prescott et al., 1993, p. G17). (2) The conversion of
growth based on enzyme reactions, published in ammonia N (NH 3 ) to nitrate N (NO 3 ), generally by

1913 by Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten and autotrophic bacteria; Nitrosomonas oxidizes NH 3 to
was described by Sawyer and McCarty (1967, nitrite N (NO 2 ) and Nitrobacter oxidizes NO 2 to

pp. 202–204) for waste treatment. NO 3 (Grady et al., 1999, p. 26).

Microbe: A microorganism; examples include protozoa, Nitrosomonas: Bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrite
algae, cyanobacteria, etc. (Prescott et al., 2005, (Anon, 1968, p. 7).
p. 608). A specificdefinition seems to be lacking Nitrobacter: Bacteria that convert nitrite to nitrate (Anon,
but the general idea is that it is an entity not visible to 1968, p. 7).
the eye and requires a microscope (as opposed to a Nocardia: Bacteria that cause foams in activated sludge caus-
‘‘macroscopic’’ organism). The reason for using the ing operating problems (Pagilla, et al., 1996, p. 235).
3
term ‘‘entity’’ is that if the term ‘‘organism’’ were NUR: Nitrate uptake rate (kg N 2 =m =s).
used, it may be that viruses would be excluded since Nutrients: (1) Chemical elements required for cell synthesis.
some may not agree that a virus is a ‘‘living’’ entity. Nitrogen and phosphorous are the most common, but