Page 10 - Geochemistry of Oil Field Waters

CONTENTS XI

Minerals recovered from saline waters ............ ..... 392
Fresh-water production ..................... 401
Preliminary economic evaluation ................. 402
Disposal brines ....................... 411
Worth and value estimates .................... 411
Conclusions ........................ 417
References ......................... 417

Chapter 14 .Subsurface disposal .................. 419
History of brine disposal operations ......... ....... 419
Subsurface injection ...................... 420
Present-day technology in subsurface disposal ............. 421
Economics and oilfield brine disposal ................ 422
Injection well versus disposal well ................. 424
Acceptable geologic areas .................... 425
Suitable disposal zones ..................... 426
Evaluation of the disposal zone .................. 427
Considerations during drilling and well completion ............ 432
Fluid travel ......................... 433
Hazards of underground waste disposal ............... 434
State regulations and tax incentives .................
434
Costs of disposal systems .................... 437
Conclusions ........................ 438
References ......................... 438
Chapter 15 . Solubilities of some silicate minerals in saline waters ....... 441
Composition and structure of minerals studied ...... ....... 441
Silicate solubilities at 25°C and 1 atm ......... ....... 443
Experimental equipment ............. ....... 447
Experimental method .............. ....... 449
Fundamental equations .............. ....... 449
Experimental dataandempirical equations ....... ....... 453
Summary and conclusions ............. ....... 457
References .................. ....... 459
Chapter 16 . Environmental impact of oil- and gas-well drilling. production and
associated waste disposal practices ............. 461
Drilling .......................... 461
Production ......................... 467
Disposal .......................... 471
References ......................... 474

Reference Index ....................... 477
Subject Index ....................... * 485