Page 12 - Geothermal Energy Systems Exploration, Development, and Utilization

X Contents
4.9 Sustainability of Treatment 206
4.9.1 Hydraulic Stimulation 206
4.9.1.1 Proppant Selection 206
4.9.1.2 Coated Proppants 209
4.9.2 Thermal Stimulation 209
4.9.3 Chemical Stimulation 210
4.10 Case Studies 210
4.10.1 Groß Sch¨ onebeck 210
4.10.1.1 Introduction 210
4.10.1.2 Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments in GrSk3/90 211
4.10.1.3 Hydraulic Fracturing in Sandstones (Gel-Proppant Stimulation) 211
4.10.1.4 Hydraulic fracturing in Volcanics (Waterfrac Stimulation) 212
4.10.1.5 Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments in GrSk4/05 213
4.10.1.6 Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment in Volcanics (Waterfrac
Stimulation) 214
4.10.1.7 Hydraulic Fracturing in Sandstones (Gel-Proppant Stimulation) 215
4.10.1.8 Conclusions 216
4.10.2 Soultz 217
4.10.2.1 Hydraulic Stimulation 217
4.10.2.2 Chemical Stimulation 223
4.10.3 Horstberg 226
4.10.3.1 Introduction 226
4.10.3.2 Fracturing Experiments 228
4.10.3.3 Summary and Conclusion 232
References 233
Further Reading 240

5 Geothermal Reservoir Simulation 245
Olaf Kolditz, Mando Guido Bl¨ocher, Christoph Clauser, Hans-J¨org
G. Diersch, Thomas Kohl, Michael K¨uhn, Christopher I. McDermott,
Wenqing Wang, Norihiro Watanabe, G¨unter Zimmermann, and
Dominique Bruel
5.1 Introduction 245
5.1.1 Geothermal Modeling 246
5.1.2 Uncertainty Analysis 247
5.2 Theory 248
5.2.1 Conceptual Approaches 248
5.2.2 THM Mechanics 248
5.2.2.1 Heat Transport 249
5.2.2.2 Liquid Flow in Deformable Porous Media 250
5.2.2.3 Thermoporoelastic Deformation 250
5.3 Reservoir Characterization 250
5.3.1 Reservoir Properties 251
5.3.1.1 Reservoir Permeability 251
5.3.1.2 Poroperm Relationships 251