Page 14 - Geothermal Energy Systems Exploration, Development, and Utilization

XII Contents
6.1.2 Heat Provision 306
6.1.3 Chill Provision 308
6.1.4 Power Provision 312
6.2 EGS Plant Design 316
6.2.1 Geothermal Fluid Loop 316
6.2.1.1 Fluid Properties 317
6.2.1.2 Operational Reliability Aspects 323
6.2.1.3 Fluid Production Technology 329
6.2.2 Heat Exchanger 332
6.2.2.1 Heat Exchanger Analysis – General Considerations 333
6.2.2.2 Selection of Heat Exchangers 335
6.2.2.3 Specific Issues Related to Geothermal Energy 337
6.2.3 Direct Heat Use 338
6.2.4 Binary Power Conversion 341
6.2.4.1 General Cycle Design 342
6.2.4.2 Working Fluid 347
6.2.4.3 Recooling Systems 352
6.2.5 Combined Energy Provision 359
6.2.5.1 Cogeneration 359
6.2.5.2 Serial Connection 360
6.2.5.3 Parallel Connection 361
6.3 Case Studies 362
6.3.1 Power Provision 363
6.3.1.1 Objective 363
6.3.1.2 Design Approach 363
6.3.1.3 Gross Power versus Net Power Maximization 364
6.3.2 Power and Heat Provision 366
6.3.2.1 Objective 366
6.3.2.2 Design Approach 367
6.3.2.3 Serial versus Parallel Connection 367
References 368

7 Economic Performance and Environmental Assessment 373
Stephanie Frick, Jan Diederik Van Wees, Martin Kaltschmitt,
and Gerd Schr¨oder
7.1 Introduction 373
7.2 Economic Aspects for Implementing EGS Projects 375
7.2.1 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) 375
7.2.1.1 Methodological Approach 376
7.2.1.2 Cost Analysis 377
7.2.1.3 Case Studies 383
7.2.2 Decision and Risk Analysis 393
7.2.2.1 Methodology 394
7.2.2.2 Case Study 397
7.3 Impacts on the Environment 405