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9-16            COMPETENCY FACTORS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

           build and operate the project will generate flows of revenue early. Flexibility at this
           stage usually will not make sense; full commitment is necessary.
           Shaping the future rather than planning in detail. If the future could be predicted ade-
           quately, contracts could be designed to lock in on the most rational options.
           Unfortunately, the future is often unknowable in advance. The longer the development
           time, the higher is the likelihood that projects will be affected by turbulence. If events
           go unchecked by the timely actions of sponsors, degenerative processes may ensue.
           Effective sponsors recognize explicitly that projects are not once-and-for-all decisions
        but rather journeys characterized by multiple decision episodes. During the front-end
        period, the role of the sponsor is first to foster multiple perspectives by enlarging the
        boundaries of groups participating in the project and shaping moves to break indetermi-
        nate situations. As uncertainty reveals itself, leverage can be applied to make desired
        futures happen. Reasoned commitments thus are made in the face of uncertainty.


        REFERENCES


        Chesbrough H. 2003. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from
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        Froud J. 2003. The private finance initiative: Risk, uncertainty and the state. Account Organ Soc
         28:567–589.
        Miller R, Hobbs B. 2002. A framework for analyzing the development and delivery of large capi-
         tal projects, in D Slevin, D Cleland, J Pinto (eds.), The Frontiers of Project Management
         Research. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, pp. 201–210.
        Miller R, Lessard DR. 2000. The Strategic Management of Large Engineering Projects: Shaping
         Institutions, Risks and Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
        Miller R, Olleros X. 2000. Project shaping as a competitive advantage, in R Miller, DR Lessard
         (eds.), The Strategic Management of Large Engineering Projects: Shaping Institutions, Risks
         and Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 93–112.
        Projevt Mmanagement Institute (PMI). 2004. A Guide to the Project Management Body of
         Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 3d ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.
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