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              system. If new ideas conform, they are more likely to be acted
              upon. If they don’t, they are more likely to be passed by, even
              if they make financial and strategic sense for the company.
                 We propose that all new products or services should be
              approached as new business design challenges. This needn’t be
              an expensive or time-consuming proposition. In cases where a
              new product fits neatly into the company’s established ways
              of operating, the business design challenge becomes simple:
              just design the product and take it to market as you would any-
              thing else. But even in such a case, we propose that develop-
              ment teams pose comprehensive business design questions up
              front, in order to bring to the surface unquestioned assump-
              tions that might no longer be true. In cases such as the Tellabs
              Titan 6500, new business design rather than just new product
              development would have made a significant difference.
                 Part of the problem is that most firms take a narrow view of
              what it means to innovate. Not only do they leave a lot of oppor-
              tunities on the table, but their limited vision can compromise the
              success of otherwise great products. For most companies, their
              innovation focus areas evolve as a result of history (“This is what
              we’ve always innovated on”) or by industry or market conven-
              tion (“This is how everyone innovates”). While we like to think
              that managers consider and invest in the best opportunities, they
              often invest in what fits into their existing vision of the world,
              and what the company can most easily act on.
                 In November of 2005, two Fortune 200 U.S. food companies
              approached us to create their Innovation Radar profiles. Neither
              knew that the other was contacting us. Some 20 to 30 top exec-
              utives from each company completed the 120-question Radar
              Survey relative only to their own company. The results are
              shown in Figure 2-2. Note that the resulting profiles are nearly
              the same, with only minor variations. Statistically, they are
              exactly the same. Consider this again: two different management
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