Page 195 - Handbook of Adhesion Promoters

188 Selection of Adhesion Promoters for Different

9.10 COMPOSITES

The poly(ethylene oxide)-mediated macromolecular self-assembly is used in compatibili-
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zation of lignin with ABS. PEO plays here the role of an adhesion promoter. The incor-
poration of lignin into ABS led to the statistical dispersion of discrete lignin domains
(300-1000 nm) which, after PEO addition, were reduced to smaller interconnected parti-
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cles (200-500 nm). Figure 8.2 shows the development of morphology.
Polyethylene was functionalized with maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, and 2-[2-
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(dimethylamine)-ethoxy]ethanol to compatibilize its composites with clay and silver. The
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compatibilization with 2-[2-(dimethylamine)-ethoxy]ethanol was the most successful.
The aluminum alloy and glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide were used as joining part-
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ners. Twin polymerization was used to form interlayer between both substrates by polym-
erizing twin monomers (2,2’-spirobi-[4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline] and 2-(3-amino-n-
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propyl)-2-methyl-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline).
The clean glass beads and beads surface treated with the adhesion promoter 3-amin-
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opropyltriethoxysilane were used in the polyvinylbutyral matrix. The use of an adhesion
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promoter increased the maximum local stress required to cause debonding.
Lignin was successfully used as a naturally occurring adhesion promoter between
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cotton fiber and poly(lactic acid).
Polyaniline coating on glass fiber type E served as an adhesion promoter in a poly-
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propylene matrix. Figure 2.22 shows the nucleating ability of coatings and explains the
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mechanism of adhesion promotion.
Naturally occurring voids, with diameters of 50-100 nm, in sprayed carbon nanotube
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networks were used for sol-gel penetration via dip coating method. Sol-gel acted as an
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adhesion promoter.
With 15% LLDPE modified with 10% maleic acid anhydride optimum yield strength
was achieved in composites containing only 20 wt% LLDPE (the remainder is phlogo-
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pite).
The silver conductive coating on the polyetheretherketone filament yarn can be used
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as a textile-based electro-conductive functional element, especially as a strain sensor. To
ensure good adhesion of the Ag layer, the PEEK monofilament surface is treated with an
atmospheric pressure plasma process and a subsequent coating of a polyamine-based
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adhesion promoter.
Cellulose fibers exhibit a highly polar surface due to the presence of hydroxyl
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groups. These hydroxyl groups enable the formation of hydrogen bonds in the interface
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region of composite materials. In order to get access to these hydroxyl groups, a cover of
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pectin and other waxy substances must be removed from the fiber surface. The use of
coupling agents such as silanes serves not only as an adhesion promoter but also to hydro-
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phobize the fiber surface and to prevent swelling processes.
REFERENCES
1 Akato, K; Tran, CD; Chen, J; Naskar, AK, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 3, 3070-6, 2015.
2 Ibarra-Alonso, MC; Sánchez-Valdes, S; Ramírez-Vargas, E; Fernandez-Tavizón, S; Romero-Garcia, J;
Ledezma-Perez, AS; Ramos de Valle, LF; Rodriguez-Fernandez, OS; Espinoza-Martinez, AB;
Martinez-Colunga, JG; Cabrera-Álvarez, EN, J. Adh. Sci. Technol., 29, 18, 1911-3, 2015.
3 Yulinova, A; Goering, M; Nickel, D; Spange, S; Lampke, T, Adv. Eng. Mater., 17, 6, 802-9, 2015.
4 Rutz, BH; Berg, JC, J. Adh. Sci. Technol., 25, 2629-40, 2011.
5 Graupner, N, J. Mater. Sci., 43, 5222-9, 2008.