Page 245 - Handbook of Biomechatronics

CHAPTER SEVEN

Lower-Limb Prosthetics

Georgios A. Bertos* ,†,‡ , Evangelos G. Papadopoulos*
*National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
†
Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Center, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
‡
Bionic Healthcare, Inc, Chicago, IL, United States
Contents
1. History 241
2. How is Success Defined for Lower-Limb Prosthetics? 242
2.1 What Would be Ideal? 242
3. Needs/Voice of Customer 244
3.1 Stability 245
3.2 Walking Speed 245
3.3 Socket Interface Relief of Pressure 245
3.4 Right Shock Absorption 246
4. Walking Theory 246
4.1 Design Intelligence of Human Legs 253
5. Advances in Commercially Available Lower-Limb Prosthetics 255
5.1 Advances in Shock Absorption Prosthetic Legs 255
5.2 Knee Shock Absorbers 259
5.3 Shock Absorbing Pylons 260
5.4 Prosthetic Feet 263
6. State-of-the-Art Research Threads and Enabling Trends 265
6.1 Osseointegration 265
6.2 Inexpensive/Easy and Automated Fabrication 267
6.3 Targeted Muscle Reinnervation 267
6.4 Micromechatronic Devices 269
6.5 Artificial Intelligence—Pattern Recognition—Machine Learning—Synergies 272
7. Discussion/Realignment 274
Authors’ Contributions 274
References 276

1 HISTORY
Limb amputations have been perceived with fear across civilizations of
the past. Partial foot prostheses (great toe of the right foot made of leather and
wood) have been identified in mummies of Ancient Egypt dated 15th century

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