Page 447 - Handbook of Biomechatronics

The Artificial Pancreas 441

Fig. 21 Schematic diagram of an early implantable rate-controlled insulin delivery sys-
tem. (Based on Schade, D., Eaton, R., Edwards, W., Doberneck, R., Spencer, W., Carlson, G.,
Blair, R., Love, J., Urenda, R., Gaona, J., 1982. A remotely programmable insulin delivery sys-
tem. JAMA 247(13): 1848–1853.)

rates (from 0.78 to 11.7 units/h) and any of 15 different bolus deliveries
(from 1.66 to 24.9 units). In this case, insulin was delivered intraperitoneally
(Schade et al., 1982).
The pump, batteries, and electronics is housed in a welded titanium that
is connected to a reservoir with a refill port as well as a silicone rubber intra-
peritoneal insulin delivery catheter surrounding an embedded stainless steel
spring and a terminal low pressure valve. The implantable components com-
municate with an external controller.
Other manufacturers were quick to develop similar pumps, with the Sie-
mens PFA 01 insulin pump (shown in Fig. 22) being typical of the genre
(Selam et al., 1982).
The clinical experience with implantable pumps remained limited for a
period until the development of a stable insulin, U400 Insulin by Hoechst
(semisynthetic human insulin at neutral pH, stabilized by adding Genapol).
This led the way for several manufacturers to develop implantable insulin