Page 448 - Handbook of Biomechatronics
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442                                                    Graham Brooker

















          Fig. 22 Photographs showing (A) the pump with its controller and (B) the pump opened
          showing H, housing; P, pump; E, electronics; B, battery; BH, battery housing; R, reservoir
          (Selam et al., 1982).


          pumps, such as the Infusaid M1000, Siemens ID1/ID3, and MiniMed
          PIMS/MIP (later Medtronic).
             Following the development of the early versions of their implantable
          insulin pump, MiniMed proceeded to develop their Programmable
          Implantable Medication System (the PIMS). The first MiniMed implantable
          insulin pump came in 1986, but it was not until nearly a decade later that the
          device received regulatory approval in Europe. MiniMed improved its tech-
          nology with more memory and improved battery life, releasing its final
          model shown in Fig. 23, in 2000.
             Medtronic bought MiniMed in 2001, and only minimal improvements
          were made in the years following that. Finally in 2007 the company
          announced that it would be discontinuing its clinical R&D for the implant-
          able insulin pumps altogether because they had shifted their focus to closed-
          loop AP technology (Hoskins, 2017).


               5 THE ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
               Recent advances in the technology for continuous glucose monitor-
          ing in conjunction with miniature automated insulin dispensing pumps have
          at last made the prospect of a true closed-loop AP more than just a dream.
          However, to achieve this in a complex, ever changing environment involves
          more than just the technology of monitoring and dispensing, it requires
          sophisticated algorithms that can accommodate significant response lags,
          the complex interaction between glucose and insulin levels, exercise as well
          as spikes in glucose levels caused by eating.
             Early attempts to close the loop date back to the 1980s with the devel-
          opment of the Biostator shown in Fig. 24. It required a continuous flow of
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