Page 346 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

PROTECTIVE RELAY COORDINATION 333

cable, and to coordinate with the protective devices downstream e.g. an exceptionally large consumer
at the switchboard being fed by the cable. The type of curve may be inverse, very inverse or extremely
inverse, depending upon the coordination required downstream and the margin between the current
rating of the cable and its expected loading.
For cables having long route lengths the associated volt-drop may cause the margin in current
capacity to be reasonably high, especially with low voltage feeders.

12.5.2 Short-Circuit Protection

Short circuits that do not involve earth, and which are within the length of the cable, can be detected
by setting the instantaneous elements of the overcurrent relays to a value of current calculated at
the receiving end of the cable that flows into a zero-impedance fault. Customarily this fault is a
three-phase fault for which the calculations are straightforward. If the fault is beyond the cable for
example in a consumer then the fault current will be less and should be cleared by the consumer
protective device. The feeder cable relays will then act as a back up to the consumer relays.
If the feeder cable is protected by fuses then these should be chosen to rapidly clear an
internal line-to-line or three-phase fault. They should be supplemented with a (51) relay to provide
overcurrent protection.

High voltage cables that provide a critical service, that are to be operated in parallel or will
have a long route length in an area of high risk of damage, should be protected by a high speed
differential current scheme. The most commonly used is the Merz–Price scheme. Each sending end
and receiving end line of each cable is equipped with a matched current transformer. At the sending
end switchgear is placed the (87) relay to detect an out-of-balance current due to a fault within the
cable. The operating time for this scheme is typically 5 or 6 cycles of fundamental frequency current.
An alternative and less expensive scheme uses a core-balance current transformer at the sending
end of each cable. Such a scheme is shown in Figure 12.14.

12.5.3 Earth Fault Protection

When a cable is damaged accidentally from external means, such as digging in a trench, it will
nearly always cause an earth fault. The earth fault current may flow in the surrounding earth or in
the armouring metal; or a combination of both routes. The magnitude of the earth fault current will
depend to a large extent on how the sending end star-point upstream of the cable is earthed. For most
high voltage systems the star-point is earthed through an NER that limits the current to between 10
and 100 amps. Most low voltage systems are solidly earthed at the star-point of the supply. There
are the occasional exceptions to these methods. The usual method of detecting an earth fault in a
cable feeder is to use a core balance current transformer in conjunction with a sensitive 50 N relay.
A time delayed 51 N relay may be preferred so that some coordination and back up can
be provided to downstream devices. The primary feeder should not trip in response to a fault in
a consumer circuit. The consumer circuit should have its own fast-acting earth fault 50 N relay
or element.
Often the earth fault 50 N or 51 N relay is an integral part of the overcurrent relay. These
integral relays usually have various options which can be simply switched into the scheme as required.