Page 376 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

364 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

subject. Investigations were carried out in the UK by the leading manufacturers of large motors, and
recommendations were subsequently made.
IEC60079, part 14, clause 6.2 draws attention to the methods of earthing the neutrals, and to
the use of neutral conductors and protective earthing conductors. The three methods, TN, TT and
IT, discussed above and the use of ‘Safety Extra Low Voltage’ (SELV) and ‘Protective Extra Low
Voltage’ (PELV) systems and equipment as defined in IEC60364 (or identically in Reference 10),
part 4, chapter 41, require the following features when hazardous areas are being considered.

• Type TN earthing.
The type TNS method should be used, TNC and TNCS are not recommended. The neutral conductor
and the protective earth conductor shall only be connected together at the star point of the source.
A transition from TNS to TNC or from TNC to TNS should be avoided otherwise the design may
become too complicated.
• Type TT earthing.
This method is commonly used in the oil industry because of the predominance of steelwork
in a typical installation. In this method the power system is earthed separately from the equip-
ment frames and cubicles. The star point at the source is the only common earthing point. The
IEC standard requires the circuit to be protected by a residual earth fault current device at the
switchboard or motor control centre, where the consumer is located in a Zone 1 area.
• Type IT earthing.
In this method the occurrence of a line-to-ground fault will normally cause a small earth return
current to flow. Its magnitude will be determined by the impedance of the neutral earthing device,
which will be a resistor or inductor. A device for detecting this current should be fitted in the
switchboard or motor control centre, where the consumer is located in a Zone 1 or a Zone 2
area. Note that a solidly earthed low voltage three-wire system will normally have a very small
current flowing in the insulation materials of all the line conductors in the network. If the insulation
degrades or is damaged then an increase in the insulation current will occur, which will give rise
to an unbalanced distribution of currents in the three lines. A sensitive core-balance device should
be fitted in the switchgear to detect this current and to isolate the circuit. This precaution should
be used for Zone 1 and Zone 2 areas.

13.3.3.2 SELV and PELV systems and equipment
The definitions of SELV and PELV as given in Reference 10 are:-
A SELV system is an extra-low voltage system (50 Vac or 120 Vdc free of ripple when
measured between any two conductors), which is electrically separated from the earth (or ground)
and other systems (such as the primary winding of an isolating transformer) in such a way that a
single fault cannot give rise to the risk of electric shock. A PELV system is also an extra-low voltage
system, but is one that is not electrically separated from earth. In all other respects it must satisfy
the requirements of a SELV system.
SELV systems generally consist of double-wound isolating transformers where the secondary
winding is not connected in any manner to earth, motor-generator sets where the mechanical coupling
serves the same purpose as two windings of an isolating transformer, batteries that are isolated
from the low or high voltage source of their chargers, and certain types of electronic supply units