Page 478 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS 467

• An emergency power supply should provide a minimum of 6 hours duration, and minimum of 3
hours of this supply should be from batteries. The batteries, charger and supply cables should be
in a safe area as close as possible to the radio room.

18.2.9 Sonar Devices

If echo-sounding equipment is required then it should be of a type approved by the Department
of Trade, or similar national authority appropriate to the location, in accordance with SOLAS
(1974). The installation of sonar devices should be in accordance with appropriate standards, e.g.
BS5345 Part I (1976), BS5490 (1977), Reference 2, and particular regard should be directed to-
wards the dangers that high-powered underwater sonar transmissions may present during diving
operations.

18.3 CATHODIC PROTECTION

Cathodic protection is the responsibility of the corrosion engineer or metallurgist. The subject is
fundamentally reasonably simple to understand but can be extremely mathematical in its application.
Direct current is arranged to flow out from the impressed anodes into the surrounding elec-
trolyte, which is the sea water for offshore structures or the damp ground for onshore structures. The
current returns through the structure itself and then back to the negative terminal of the impressed
current source. The direction of current as described prevents the loss of metal from the structure into
the electrolyte. This is opposite in direction to the natural current present due to corrosion action.
The electrical engineer is not usually involved in the chemistry of the system, his work is
mainly associated with sizing the AC and DC cables, accounting for the power requirements and
ensuring that the equipment satisfies any hazardous area requirements that may exist.
Impressed current systems require low-voltage high-current DC power. The voltages are typ-
ically 12, 25 and 50 volts. The currents are typically 100 to 800 amperes from one unit. The power
is supplied by transformer rectifier units in which the transformer coils and the power rectifier are
usually immersed in insulating oil to improve heat removal. The AC supply is usually three phase at
LV voltage, e.g. 380 to 440 volts, and the supply power factor is about 0.75 lagging.
The output voltage is adjustable between +33% and −25% to take care of local site varia-
tions. The correct setting is determined at site during commissioning. Adjustments are often made
periodically as the site conditions vary or if the installation is modified.
The anodes are made of various materials and the choice is determined by the physical con-
ditions, the electric field pattern, current densities, cost and anode corrosion. Anode current densities
vary between 10 amperes per metre squared for silicon iron to more than 1000 amperes per metre
squared for platinised and lead alloys.
The electrical engineer needs to size AC and DC cables and to choose them to suit the physical
environment.
Reference 3 although rather dated gives an excellent treatment of the theory of practice of
cathodic protection although the subject has no doubt been given a more up-to-date treatment by
other authors. Another reference of a more practical nature is Reference 4.