Page 82 - Highway Engineering Handbook Building and Rehabilitating the Infrastructure

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 65

TABLE 1.19 Applications of Recycled Materials in Highways

Asphalt: Crop waste and other cellulose material may be reduced to an oil suitable for asphalt extender.
Asphalt paving aggregate: Incinerator ash.
Asphalt mineral filler: Sewage sludge ash, fly ash, baghouse fines, cement kiln dust, lime waste.
Asphalt-rubber binder: Scrap tires.
Asphalt stress-absorbing membranes: Scrap tires.
Asphalt rubberized crack sealant: Scrap tires.
Asphalt aggregate: Mill tailings, phosphogypsum, slag.
Asphalt fine aggregate: Glass and ceramics.
Asphalt cement modifier: Plastic waste.
Asphalt plant fuel: Used motor oil.
Asphalt paving: Bottom ash, boiler slag, blast furnace slag, steelmaking slag, nonferrous slag,
reclaimed asphalt pavement, foundry sand, roofing shingle waste, petroleum-contaminated soils
(after thermal treatment).
Base course: Glass and ceramic waste, construction and demolition debris, nonferrous slags,
reclaimed asphalt pavement, reclaimed concrete pavement, mill tailings.
Pipe bedding: Foundry sand, glass, and ceramic waste.
Borrow material: Quarry waste, construction and demolition material.
Slope stabilization and erosion control: Sawdust and wood waste.
Mulch: Wood waste, paper waste (especially slick, magazine-type paper), compost.
Fertilizer: Animal manure and farm waste.
Embankments: Lumber and wood waste, sawdust and wood chips, recycled sanitary landfill refuse,
fly ash, bottom ash, construction and demolition waste, sulfate waste, waste rock, mill tailings, coal
refuse.
Cement stabilized base: Incinerator ash, fly ash, bottom ash, advanced SO control by-products,
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cement kiln dust, reclaimed asphalt pavement, petroleum-contaminated waste (after thermal
treatment), coal refuse, and rice husk ash may be used as supplementary cementing material.
Concrete: Incinerator ash from sewage sludge cake as vitrified aggregate or palletized aggregate.
Lightweight fill material: Wood waste, sawdust, chipped wood, scrap tires.
Geotextile: Plastic waste.
Sealant: Scrap tires.
Safety hardware, fencing, signposts: Plastic wastes.
Flowable fill and grout: Quarry waste, fly ash.
Soil stabilization: Fly ash, advanced SO control by-product, cement kiln dust, lime waste.
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Antiskid material: Bottom ash, steelmaking slag.
Blasting grit: Nonferrous slags.

TABLE 1.20 Specification Levels for Used Oil Fuels
Specification Maximum allowable level
Arsenic concentration 5 ppm
Cadmium concentration 2 ppm
Chromium concentration 10 ppm
Lead concentration 100 ppm
Flash point 1000°F
Total halogen concentration (unmixed) 4000 ppm
Total halogen concentration (mixed) 1000 ppm
Source: Adapted from Travis Wagner, Complete Handbook of Hazardous
Waste Regulation, Perry-Wagner Publishing, Brunswick, Maine, 1988, p. 46.