Page 115 - Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding

CHAPTER 4 Hybrid Chemical EOR Using Low-Salinity and Smart Waterflood 107

wettability modification, relative permeability is modi- Alhuraishawy, A. K., & Bai, B. (2017). Evaluation of combined
fied by the ion-exchange reactions following one of the low-salinity water and microgel treatments to improve oil
suggested mechanisms of LSWF. The simulations recovery using partial fractured carbonate models. Journal
compare the performance of low salinityeaugmented of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 158,80e91. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.07.016.
ASP process to that of conventional ASP process using Alhuraishawy, A. K., Bai, B., & Mingzhen, W. (2018). Com-
high-salinity water (Fig. 4.36) and optimize the injection bined ionically modified seawater and microgels to
designs of low salinityeaugmented ASP processes to
improve oil recovery in fractured carbonate reservoirs. Jour-
maximize net present value (NPV) and oil production. nal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 162, 434e445.
Other studies (Farajzadeh et al. 2012; Ghadami et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.12.052.
2018; Nghiem et al. 2017) have simulated the ASP pro- Almansour, A. O., AlQuraishi, A. A., AlHussinan, S. N., &
cess following the similar mechanistic approach of nu- AlYami, H. Q. (2017). Efficiency of enhanced oil recovery
merical modeling. using polymer-augmented low salinity flooding. Journal of
Because the chemical EOR process requires the Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 7(4),
expensive chemical injection costs, optimum condition 1149e1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-017-0331-5.
AlSofi, A. M., Wang, J., AlBoqmi, A. M., AlOtaibi, M. B.,
is of importance to the successful EOR application. The
Ayirala, S. C., & AlYousef, A. A. (2016). SmartWater synergy
optimum condition varies according to the designs of
with chemical EOR for a slightly viscous Arabian heavy
chemical EOR process. The reducing salinity and/or
reservoir. In Paper presented at the SPE heavy oil conference
hardness is favorable to the chemical process injecting and exhibition, Kuwait City, Kuwait, 6e8 December. https://
polymer. Only reducing hardness can be the optimistic doi.org/10.2118/184163-MS.
condition for process with surfactant and/or alkali in- AlSofi, A. M., Wang, J., AlBoqmi, A. M., AlOtaibi, M. B.,
jections. In spite of the same chemical EOR process, Ayirala, S. C., & AlYousef, A. A. (2018a). SmartWater syn-
the optimistic condition can vary with mineralogy, ergy with chemical enhanced oil recovery: Polymer effects
type of chemical additive, formation brine composi- on smartwater. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering Pre-
tion, etc. The application of low-salinity water/smart print (Preprint), 17. https://doi.org/10.2118/184163-PA.
water does not guarantee the optimistic condition of AlSofi, A. M., Wang, J., & Kaidar, Z. F. (2018b). SmartWater
synergy with chemical EOR: Effects on polymer injectivity,
chemical EOR formulation. It is necessary to investigate retention and acceleration. Journal of Petroleum Science and
the detailed and comprehensive investigations of chem- Engineering, 166, 274e282. https://doi.org/10.1016/
ical EOR using low-salinity water flood/smart water- j.petrol.2018.02.036.
flood to optimize the potential of hybrid EOR. The Ashraf, A., Hadia, N., Torsaeter, O., & Medad Twimukye Twe-
referred studies have demonstrated the high oil recovery heyo. (2010). Laboratory investigation of low salinity
and synergy of low salinityeaugmented chemical EOR. waterflooding as secondary recovery process: Effect of
It is obvious that the usage of low-salinity water and wettability. In Paper presented at the SPE oil and gas India con-
smart water extensively introduces the technical and ference and exhibition, Mumbai, India, 20e22 January. https://
economic benefits to the extensive applications of doi.org/10.2118/129012-MS.
Ayirala, S. C., Ernesto, U.-N., Matzakos, A. N., Chin, R. W.,
chemical EOR process.
Doe, P. H., & van den Hoek, P. J. (2010). A designer water
process for offshore low salinity and polymer flooding ap-
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