Page 18 - Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding

10 Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery using Smart Waterflooding

In the chromatographic studies, the effluent concentra- a high temperature. In addition, it is expected that the
2þ 2 2þ 2þ
tions of Ca , SO 4 , and nonadsorbing tracer thiocya- coadsorption of Ca by more injection of Ca en-

nate (SCN ) are measured at 23, 70, 100, and 130 C. It hances the adsorption of SO 4 2 . The z-potential mea-
2 2þ
is observed that the productions of SO 4 and Ca surement tests try to confirm the expectation. Because
become more retarded with an increase in temperature the high amount of chalk particles leads to low compe-
(Figs. 1.10 and 1.11). The study concluded that the tition between the affinities of Ca 2þ and SO 4 2 toward
2 is attributed to the adsorption of chalk surface, the measurements fail to draw meaning-
retardation of SO 4
2 on the more positively charged chalk surface in ful observations. Zhang and Austad (2006)
SO 4

2 1
FIG. 1.10 Histories of effluent concentrations of SO 4 and SCN at various temperature conditions.
(Credit: From Strand, S., Høgnesen, E. J., & Austad, T. (2006). Wettability alteration of carbonatesdeffects
of potential determining ions (Ca 2þ and SO42 ) and temperature. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical
and Engineering Aspects, 275(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.10.061.)

FIG. 1.11 Histories of effluent concentration of Ca 2þ at various temperature conditions. (Credit: From Strand, S.,
Høgnesen, E. J., & Austad, T. (2006). Wettability alteration of carbonatesdeffects of potential determining ions
(Ca 2þ and SO42 ) and temperature. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,
275(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.10.061.)