Page 213 - Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook

i 74 CHAPTER 5 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

5.2.6 Endogenous Ammonia Production 220
5.2.7 Respiratory Defense Mechanisms 221
References 229
Bibliography 234
Glossary 234
5.3 TOXICITY AND RISKS INDUCED BY OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
TO CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 239
KAI M. SAVOIAINEN AND
PENTTI KALLIOKOSKt
53.1 Introduction and Background 239
53.2 Exposure to Chemical Substances 2SS
S.33 Kinetics of Chemical Compounds 263
5.3.4 Toxic Effects of Chemical Compounds 276
5.3.5 Exposure Assessment 320
5.3.6 Toxicity, Risks, and Risk Assessment 326
References 336
Bibliography 344
5.4 VENTILATION NOISE—CHARACTERISTICS, EFFECTS, AND SUGGESTED
COUNTER-MEASURES 345
ULF tANDSTROM
5.4.1 Occurrence 345
5.4.2 Ventilation Noise as an Environmental Problem 345
5.4.3 Physical Characteristics 346
5.4.4 Noise Generation 347
5.4.5 Effects on Humans 347
5.4.6 Measures 351
5.4.7 Exposure limits 353
References 353

5.1 THERMAL COMFORT

5.1.1 Introduction
Humans seek and want thermal comfort, even at work in industrial settings.
Clothing, activities, posture, location, and shelter are chosen, adjusted, al-
tered, and sought consciously and unconsciously to reduce discomforts and
enable us to focus more on the other tasks of life. Discomfort can contribute
1 4
to mistakes, productivity decreases, and industrial accidents. " Thermal dis-
comfort results from the physiological strain of thermoregulation. The strain
can be in the form of altered body temperatures, sweating and excessive skin
moisture, muscle tension and stiffness, shivering, and loss of dexterity. A small