Page 318 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

292 Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

EVAPORATION−TRANSPIRATION

PRECIPITATION AND RAINFALL

INTERCEPTION

STEM FLOW

THROUGHFALL

TOTAL WATER GOING TO BCMUS SURFACE RUN
AND TOP SOIL OFF

WATER DEMAND ON
INFILTRATION TO SUB-SOIL
VEGETATION

PERCOLATION TO SPRINGS
AQUIFERS STREAMS
Figure 7.1 Hydrological balance for water in India. Source: Hydrology and Water
Resources System for India.
first restoration plans for water bodies; it commenced in 1985 and led to a
larger program, bringing the entire country under the National River Action
Plan. In this program, the identification of pollution sources, interception, or
diversions and treatment were planned for 157 major cities along the main
rivers. However, fast urbanization and industrialization have outpaced the
installation of STPs and regulatory processes with only marginal improve-
ments in the field. Domestic sewage and industrial waste are the major causes
of deterioration of water quality and contamination of lakes, rivers, and