Page 314 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

288 Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

(Ministry of Water Resources, 2003). Almost 80% of the water supplied for
urban sectors comes as wastewater, which will lead to pollution in surface
and groundwater resources, creating a troublesome situation for the supply
systems. A critical assessment of the urban water supply system would reveal
ample scope for incorporating recycling and reuse of treated urban wastewa-
ter to augment reversing the deficit of water scarcity.

7.2.3 Urban Sewerage System
The current practice of sewerage system in India uses manholes and sewer
lines as collection and transport to the treatment plant. However, with year-
on-year increase in population, the system results in higher operational and
maintenance costs, despite reasonable efficiency under Indian conditions.
The lower occupancy of population causes a reduction in the fully-fledged
layout systems and gives rise to many hazards to the environment because of
poor transport conditions resulting in poor operational schemes. The cur-
rent per capita water supplies are not even sufficient to meet the minimum
per capita demand of 135 L to satisfy the self-cleaning velocity in the sewer
lines, and the conventional sewerage systems are not capable of meeting
required efficiency. It is estimated that about 38,254 million liters per day
of wastewater is generated in tier 1 and tier 2 cities, which cover about
31% of the total sewage generation considering both sewered and unsewered
areas (NCIWRDP/MWR, 1999). An increase in population will also give
rise to an increase in water supplies and wastewater generation. About 80%
of the water supplied is generated as wastewater. From the GOI 2010 data, it
3
is estimated that around 120 million m of sewage will be generated during
the projected year of 2051 with additional wastewater generation around
3
50 million m of increasing water supplies from rural and community areas.
However, the management plan for the sewerage systems lack strategies for
handling wastewater in the future. The CPCB India studies show that there
are 269 sewage treatment plants (STPs) in India, out of which only 231
plants are in operating condition, and they cover only 21% of the country’s
total sewage generation (MoUD, 2013).

7.2.4 Wastewater Treatment: Recycling and Reuse Option

The volume of wastewater generated increases with the increase in popula-
tion, urbanization, and people’s improved living standards. The productive
use of wastewater has also been increased; in developing countries millions