Page 12 - Integrated Wireless Propagation Models

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4.3 Integration of the Microcell Prediction Model and the
Macrocell Prediction Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4.3.1 The Algorithms for Integrating the Two Models 224
4.3.2 Treatment of Measured Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
4.3.3 Validation of the Model: Measured versus
Predicted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.4 Tuning the Model for a Particular Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.4.1 Before Tuning the Lee Microcell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.4.2 The Tuning Algorithm of the Lee Model . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.4.3 Verification of the Lee Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.5 Other Microcell Prediction Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.5.2 Empirical (Path Loss) Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.5.3 Physical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.5.4 Non-LOS Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
4.5.5 ITU-R P .1 411 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
4.6 Summary 2 5 5
References 2 5 7

5 In-Building (Picocell) Prediction Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
5.1.1 Differences from Other Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
5.1.2 Propagation Impairments and Measure of Quality in
Indoor Radio Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
5.1.3 The Highlights of the Lee In-Building Model . . . . . . . 262
5.2 The Lee In-Building Prediction Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
5.2.1 Derivation of Close-In Distance for the
In-Building Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
5.2.2 The Single-Floor (Same Floor) Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
5.2.3 Determining Path-Loss Slope in a Room . . . . . . . . . . . 274
5.2.4 Applications of the Lee Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
5.2.5 Characteristics of the Measured Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
5.2.6 Validation of the Model (Measured versus
Predicted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
5.2.7 Balance Between Coverage and Interference . . . . . . . . 279
5.2.8 Analyzing the Lee In-Building Prediction Model 280
5.3 Enhanced Lee In-Building Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.3.1 Highlight of the Enhanced Lee Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
5.3.2 Studying Measured Data in various Cases . . . . . . . . . 291
5.3.3 Comparison of Measured Data and
Predicted Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
5.3.4 Using Measured Data to Customize the Lee
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
5.3.5 The General Formula of the Enhanced Lee
In-Building Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
5.4 Empirical Path-Loss Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319