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8.2.6 Construction: from design to implementation 248
8.3 Conceptual design: moving from requirements to first design 249
8.3.1 Three perspectives for developing a conceptual model 250
8.3.2 Expanding the conceptual model 257
8.3.3 Using scenarios in conceptual design 259
8.3.4 Using prototypes in conceptual design 262
8.4 Physical design: getting concrete 264
8.4.1 Guidelines for physical design 266
8.4.2 Different kinds of widget 268
8.5 Tool support 275

Chapter 9 User-centered approaches to interaction design 279
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Why is it important to involve users at all? 280
9.2.1 Degrees of involvement 281
9.3 What is a user-centered approach? 285
9.4 Understanding users' work: applying ethnography in design 288
9.4.1 Coherence 293
9.4.2 Contextual Design 295
9.5 involving users in design: Participatory Design 306
9.5.1 PICTIVE 307
9.5.2 CARD 309
Interview with Karen Holtzblatt 31 3

Chapter 1 0 Introducing evaluation 31 7
1 0.1 Introduction 31 7
10.2 What, why, and when to evaluate 31 8
10.2.1 What to evaluate 31 8
10.2.2 Why you need to evaluate 31 9
10.2.3 When to evaluate 323
10.3 Hutchworld case study 324
1 0.3.1 How the team got started: early design ideas 324
10.3.2 How was the testing done? 327
10.3.3 Was it tested again? 333
10.3.4 Looking to the future 334
10.4 Discussion 336

Chapter 1 1 An evaluation framework 339
1 1 .1 Introduction 339