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xviii Contents

13.2.2 Unstructured interviews 392
13.2.3 Structured interviews 394
13.2.4 Semi-structured interviews 394
13.2.5 Group interviews 396
1 3.2.6 Other sources of interview-li ke feedback 397
1 3.2.7 Data analysis and interpretation 398
13.3 Asking users: Questionnaires 398
13.3.1 Designing questionnaires 398
1 3.3.2 Question and response format 400
13.3.3 Administering questionnaires 404
13.3.4 Online questionnaires 405
1 3.3.5 Analyzing questionnaire data 407
13.4 Asking experts: Inspections 407
13.4.1 Heuristic evaluation 408
1 3.4.2 Doing heuristic evaluation 41 0
1 3.4.3 Heuristic evaluation of websites 41 2
1 3.4.4 Heuristics for other devices 41 9
1 3.5 Asking experts: walkthroughs 420
I 3.5.1 Cognitive walkthroughs 420
1 3.5.2 Pluralistic walkthroughs 423
Interview with Jakob Nielsen 426

Chapter 14 Testing and modeling users 429
1 4.1 Introduction 429
14.2 User testing 430
14.2.1 Testing MEDLINE~~us 432
14.3 Doing user testing 438
14.3.1 Determine the goals and explore the questions 439
14.3.2 Choose the paradigm and techniques 439
14.3.3 Identify the practical issues: Design typical tasks 439
14.3.4 Identify the practical issues: Select typical users 440
14.3.5 Identify the practical issues: Prepare the testing
conditions 441
14.3.6 Identify the practical issues: Plan how to run the tests 442
1 4.3.7 Deal with ethical issues 443
14.3.8 Evaluate, analyze, and present the data 443
14.4 Experiments 443
14.4.1 Variables and conditions 444
14.4.2 Allocation of participants to conditions 445