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London, pp. 53–78. (A useful, mainly photographic
Review questions review of the group.)
Harper, D.A.T., Long, S.L. & Nielsen, C. (eds) 2008.
1 Current brachiopod research suggests
that the phylum Brachiopoda can be split Brachiopoda: Fossil and Recent. Fossils and Strata
54, 1–331. (Most recent proceedings from an inter-
into three subphyla: Linguliformea, Crani- national brachiopod congress.)
iformea and Rhynchonelliformea. What Kaesler, R.L. (ed.) 2000–2007. Treatise on Invertebrate
sort of criteria can we use to discover how Paleontology. Part H, Brachiopoda (revised), vols
each subphylum was related to each other 1–6. Geological Society of America and University
and the stem-group brachiopod? of Kansas, Boulder, CO/Lawrence, KS. (Up-to-date
2 Brachiopod shells store a huge amount of compendium of most aspects of the phylum.)
data, not only about the secretion of the McKinney, F.K. & Jackson, J.B.C. 1989. Bryozoan Evo-
shell, but also about its surrounding envi- lution. Unwin Hyman, London. (Evolutionary studies
ronment. How have brachiopod shells, of the phylum.)
particularly their stable isotopes, contrib- Rowell, A.J. & Grant, R.E. 1987. Phylum Brachiopoda.
uted to our understanding of climate In Boardman, R.S., Cheetham, A.H. & Rowell, A.J.
(eds) Fossil Invertebrates. Blackwell Scientifi c Publi-
change? cations, Oxford, UK, pp. 445–96. (A comprehensive,
3 Although the thick-shelled and ornate more advanced text with emphasis on taxonomy;
productid brachiopods of the Late Paleo- extravagantly illustrated.)
zoic were resistant to attack, why did bra- Rudwick, M.J.S. 1970. Living and Fossil Brachiopods.
chiopods apparently not feature much in Hutchinson, London. (Landmark text.)
the Mesozoic marine revolution or Meso- Ryland, J.S. 1970. Bryozoans. Hutchinson, London.
zoic arms race? (Fundamental text.)
4 The “dawn of the Danian” witnessed a Taylor, P.D. 1985. Bryozoa. In Murray, J.W. (ed.) Atlas
marked change in bryozoan faunas with the of Invertebrate Macrofossils. Longman, London, pp.
dominance of the cheilostomes over the 47–52. (A useful, mainly photographic review of the
group.)
cyclostomes. Both are ecologically similar so Taylor, P.D. 1999. Bryozoa. In Savazzi, E. (ed.) Func-
why were the cheilostomes relatively more tional Morphology of the Invertebrate Skeleton.
successful after the KT extinction event? Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 623–46. (Comprehensive
5 Brachiopods and bryozoans were both review of the functional morphology of the group.)
conspicuous members of the fi lter-feeding
Paleozoic evolutionary fauna. Why then
are brachiopods a relatively minor part of References
the Recent marine fauna but bryozoans Clarkson, E.N.K. 1998. Invertebrate Palaeontology and
continue to fl ourish? Evolution, 4th edn. Chapman and Hall, London.
Cohen, B.L., Holmer, L.E. & Luter, C. 2003. The bra-
chiopod fold: a neglected body plan hypothesis. Pal-
aeontology 46, 59–65.
Further reading
Freeman, G. & Lundelius, J.W. 2005. The transition
Boardman, R.S. & Cheetham, A.H. 1987. Phylum from planktotrophy to lecithotrophy in larvae of
Bryozoa. In Boardman, R.S., Cheetham, A.H. & lower Palaeozoic Rynchoneliiform brachiopods.
Rowell, A.J. (eds) Fossil Invertebrates. Blackwell Sci- Lethaia 38, 219–54.
entific Publications, Oxford, UK, pp. 497–549. (A Geldern, van, R., Joachimski, M.M., Day, J., Jansen, U.,

comprehensive, more advanced text with emphasis Alvarez, F., Yolkin, E.A. & Ma, X.-P. 2006. Carbon,
on taxonomy; extravagantly illustrated.) oxygen and strontium isotope records of Devonian
Carlson, S.J. & Sandy, M.R. (eds) 2001. Brachiopods brachiopod shell calcite. Palaeogeography, Palaeocli-
Ancient and Modern. A tribute to G. Arthur Cooper. matology, Palaeoecology 240, 47–67.
Paleontological Society Papers No. 7. University of Hageman, S.J. 2003. Complexity generated by iteration
Yale, New Haven, CT. (Diverse aspects of contem- of hierarchical modules in Bryozoa. Integrated Com-
porary brachiopod research.) parative Biology 43, 87–98.
Clarkson, E.N.K. 1998. Invertebrate Palaeontology and Hageman, S.J., Bone, Y., McGowran, B. & James, N.P.
Evolution, 4th edn. Chapman and Hall, London. 1997. Bryozoan colonial growth-forms as palaeoen-
(An excellent, more advanced text; clearly written vironmental indicators: evaluation of methodology.
and well illustrated.) Palaios 12, 405–19.
Cocks, L.R.M. 1985. Brachiopoda. In Murray, J.W. Harper, D.A.T., Alsen, P., Owen, E.F. & Sandy, M.R.
(ed.) Atlas of Invertebrate Macrofossils. Longman, 2005. Early Cretaceous brachiopods from North-