Page 352 - Introduction to Paleobiology and The Fossil Record

SPIRALIANS 2: MOLLUSKS 339

Seawater

Soft to
firm
substrate

Venus

Ensis
Shallow infaunal
Mya
(a)
Deep infaunal

Pecten
Seawater

Mytilus
Firm to hard substrate
Crassostrea Gryphaea
Soft to firm substrate
(b)

Seawater

Hard rock substrate

Hiatella

Pholas

(c)
Figure 13.9 Life modes of bivalve mollusks: (a) shallow and deep burrowers into soft to fi rm
substrates, (b) epifaunal swimming, attached or resting on soft to firm substrates, and (c) boring into

hard substrates. (From Milsom & Rigby 2004.)