Page 282 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition
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A Comparison of Life Cycle Assessment Studies                   273

                              al.     (2012)                            al. (2009)
                   al.  al.  et  et   al.  al.  al.  al.  al.  al.  et  al.  et  (continued)
               Reference  et  Finco  (2012)  Korres  (2010)  Dressler  (2012)  Chandrashekar  et  et  Adler  (2007)  et  Adler  (2007)  et  Adler  (2007)  et  Adler  (2007)  Ndong  (2009)  Monti  (2009)  et  Luo


                                                               and      Netherlands

               Country  Italy  Ireland  Germany  India  USA  USA  USA  USA  Coast  Ivory  Mali  Italy  The


                               kg                              saving  impact  GWP
               Environment  Potential  GHG  %  56  savings  GHG  %  54–75  saving  emission  GHG  0.179–0.058  CO 2 eq./kWhe  CO 2  sequestration  1.0–1.5  GHG  %  114  saving  GHG  %  84  saving  GHG  %  117  saving  GHG  %  38–41  saving  GHG  %  72  less  %  50–60  in Reduction




                   diesel                                          of   A  pure

               Reference  system  Conventional  diesel  Fossil  fuel  Fossil  Diesel  Coal  Coal  Coal  Coal  Diesel  Fossil  Production  conventional  crops  Gasoline,  hypothetical  of  case  ethanol


                                          of   of   of    of       of
                                          scope  as  study  scope  as  study  scope  as  study  scope  as  study  scope  as  study  defined
                              defined
                                      defined
                          defined
             biofuels  System  boundary  Defined  Well  Well  Well  Defined  the  Defined  the  Defined  the  Defined  the  Defined  Defined  the  Well


             different  unit  travelled  bus  equivalent  MJ -1  replaced  matter of fresh  and  maize  of  electricity  energy  equivalent  MJ -1  replaced  equivalent  MJ -1  replaced  equivalent  MJ -1  replaced  equivalent  MJ -1  replaced  JME  energy/per  land


             of  Functional  1km  by  CO 2  (CO 2 e)  energy  kg  of  1kWh  of  MJ  CO 2  (CO 2 e)  energy  CO 2  (CO 2 e)  energy  CO 2  (CO 2 e)  energy  gCO 2  (CO 2 e)  energy  of  MJ  unit  Per  unit  defined  Not
             studies    g  grave  1  1    g  grave  g  grave  g  grave  1  to

             assessment  System  adopted  to  Field  wheel  to  Cradle  Cradle  grave  to  wheel  to  Field  to  Cradle  to  Cradle  to  Cradle  to  Cradle  grave  Tank  to  Well  farm  to  Cradle  gate  product  Energy  gate



             cycle

             life       Bio-methane
             of  Product  Biodiesel  Biogas  Biodiesel  Ethanol  Ethanol  Ethanol  Ethanol  Biodiesel  Biomass  Bioethanol
             Comparison                                            Cynara,  and




             1                        pinnata    canarygrass  poplar  Corn-soybean  reed  Giant  Miscanthus  stover
             Table  Feedstock  Rapeseed  Grass  Maize  Pongamia  Switchgrass  Reed  Hybrid  Jatropha  Switchgrass,  Corn
   277   278   279   280   281   282   283   284   285   286   287