Page 282 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition
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A Comparison of Life Cycle Assessment Studies 273
al. (2012) al. (2009)
al. al. et et al. al. al. al. al. al. et al. et (continued)
Reference et Finco (2012) Korres (2010) Dressler (2012) Chandrashekar et et Adler (2007) et Adler (2007) et Adler (2007) et Adler (2007) Ndong (2009) Monti (2009) et Luo
and Netherlands
Country Italy Ireland Germany India USA USA USA USA Coast Ivory Mali Italy The
kg saving impact GWP
Environment Potential GHG % 56 savings GHG % 54–75 saving emission GHG 0.179–0.058 CO 2 eq./kWhe CO 2 sequestration 1.0–1.5 GHG % 114 saving GHG % 84 saving GHG % 117 saving GHG % 38–41 saving GHG % 72 less % 50–60 in Reduction
diesel of A pure
Reference system Conventional diesel Fossil fuel Fossil Diesel Coal Coal Coal Coal Diesel Fossil Production conventional crops Gasoline, hypothetical of case ethanol
of of of of of
scope as study scope as study scope as study scope as study scope as study defined
defined
defined
defined
biofuels System boundary Defined Well Well Well Defined the Defined the Defined the Defined the Defined Defined the Well
different unit travelled bus equivalent MJ -1 replaced matter of fresh and maize of electricity energy equivalent MJ -1 replaced equivalent MJ -1 replaced equivalent MJ -1 replaced equivalent MJ -1 replaced JME energy/per land
of Functional 1km by CO 2 (CO 2 e) energy kg of 1kWh of MJ CO 2 (CO 2 e) energy CO 2 (CO 2 e) energy CO 2 (CO 2 e) energy gCO 2 (CO 2 e) energy of MJ unit Per unit defined Not
studies g grave 1 1 g grave g grave g grave 1 to
assessment System adopted to Field wheel to Cradle Cradle grave to wheel to Field to Cradle to Cradle to Cradle to Cradle grave Tank to Well farm to Cradle gate product Energy gate
cycle
life Bio-methane
of Product Biodiesel Biogas Biodiesel Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Biodiesel Biomass Bioethanol
Comparison Cynara, and
1 pinnata canarygrass poplar Corn-soybean reed Giant Miscanthus stover
Table Feedstock Rapeseed Grass Maize Pongamia Switchgrass Reed Hybrid Jatropha Switchgrass, Corn